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very perfect tradition of this great catastrophe. The diluvian hero of the Accadians was Hasisadra or Xisuthrus, and his name I have not found among the American tribes, but in Evechous, who, according to Africanus and Eusebius, was the first Chaldæan king after the deluge, it is not hard to recog nise the Accadian Hubisega, the Muskogulge Eefeekeesa, the Muysca Pesca or Bochica, and the Peruvian Apachic. A more striking Peruvian tradition is given by Montesinos in his Peruvian Annals, based upon the legendary history of the Incas. He says: "In the reign of Ayatarco-Cupo, giants having entered Peru, they populated Huaytara, Quinoa, etc., and built a sumptuous temple in Pachacamac, using instruments of iron. As they were given up to sodomy, divine wrath annihilated them with a rain of fire, although a part of them were enabled to escape by going to Cuzco. AyatarcoCupo went out to meet them and dispersed them about Limatambo." Were this story to appear in any collection of OldWorld traditions, it would at once be referred to the Cities of the Plain. Should it turn up, as it probably will, among the Accadian legends, the relations of the Accadians and Elamites with these cities in the days of Chedorlaomer will be deemed sufficient to account for its origin. To assert the Eastern origin of the Peruvians on the ground of this tradition would be to build on too small a foundation, but when this origin has been established by language, the tradition becomes an important addition to its testimony. Dr. Hyde Clarke has shown the radical unity of the Peruvian and Accadian grammatical systems, and has also pointed out numerous and striking resemblances between these languages in point of vocabulary. To mention a few of them: the Accad karra, man, is the Peruvian kkari; rak, woman, the Peruvian rakka; utuci, sun, is itoko; ul, star, sillo; ma, earth, mechi; ne, fire, nina; pak, king, capac; car, fortress, pucara; tak, brick, ticacuna; babbar, silver, levir; gan, field, cancha; kug, black, coca; amas, dark, amsa; uknu, white, hancona; pak, bird, piscco; lig, liku, dog, alljo, locma; hal, khan, fish, challua, kanu; dara, deer, taruco; tsir, serpent, katari; suk, plant, kuka; si, sizi, grass, ichu; gu, gis, tree, hacha, khoka; sak, pir, head, echuja, abaracama; su, hand, suyi; sik, muz, hair, socco, musu; cagu, pi, ear, aike, puoki; essa, foot, ahei, cuchi; sir, skin, ccara; emi, tongue,

ine; gan, to be, can; khan, to die, huanhu; ca, to drink, acua; se, to give, chu; be, to kill, sipiy; ru, to do, to make, rura; tuk, to have, tausi; aca, to lift, haca; takh, to strike, takay; sic, clothes, acsu; khi, good, ccaya; su, bad, hucha; etc. etc. I have already, however, sufficiently trespassed upon the reader's patience with these comparisons, and for proofs afforded by language of the relation borne to the Accadians by the Peruvians and other American and Asiatic families or tribes which I have associated with them, must refer him to Dr. Hyde Clarke's Prehistoric Comparative Philology and Khita-Peruvian Epoch, and to my papers on the subject in the Canadian Journal. From these it appears that the branch of the Accad stock which moved northwards into the Caucasus sent out a great colony to Thibet, where a division took place. A portion of the colony remained in Thibet, the language of which country exhibits well-marked Accadian features; another passed southward into the Indo-Chinese area, and is represented by the Cambodians, Kariens, and other tribes, the Karien tribe Passuko preserving intact the old Hupuskian name; and the third or largest section, driven by adverse forces into North-Eastern Asia, appears not only in the Koriaks, Kamtchatdales, Ainos, and Japanese, but in the transitional Aleutans, and in the Dacotahs, Iroquois, Choctaws, MoundBuilders, Natchez, Muyscas, Peruvians, and Araucanians of America

The extension of the Accadians was not confined to regions east of the Tigris and Euphrates, but appears also in Africa and in the extreme west of Europe. The only way in which I can account for their presence in the west is on the hypothesis that they formed part of the Shepherd invasion of Egypt. Khita and Accad are now believed to be either identical or closely allied terms, and the Khita were the most prominent of the Shepherd tribes. Ashtar was the great god of the Khita, and he is undoubtedly the same divinity as the Accadian Hasisadra or Xisuthrus. Sir Henry Rawlinson and other Orientalists have found the word Burbur, meaning "highlander," applied to the Accadians and the allied Armenians. Now the chief African families, who are connected as sun, or sun and serpent, worshippers, and by the vocabularies of their languages with the Accadians, are the Barabras of Nubia and

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the Berbers of the Mediterranean coast. With the former, the Koldagi of Korodfan and the Furians of Darfur must be associated, and with the latter, the Haussas. The Berber family also includes the Guanches of the Canary Islands. As serpent-worshippers, the Barabras connect with the Tibetans, Cambodians, Dacotahs, Mound-Builders, Natchez, and Peruvians. As sun-worshippers the Berbers are linked with the Accadians, Ainos, Japanese, Dacotahs, etc. Although I have already referred to other sources for linguistic proofs of relationship, I cannot abstain from indicating the wonderful agreement in words, of languages so far removed as the Barabra dialects, and those of North-Eastern Asia and its American colonies. The Barabra chundeka, mouth, is the Tchuktchi kandak, and agilk, another Barabra word denoting the same thing, is the Aleutan agilak; kehl, tooth, is the Aleutan aghalun; maschekka, sun, is the Tchuktchi matschak and the Kadiak madzshak; aly, day, is the Koriak allo; karag, fish, is the Aino karasacki; eka, fire, is the Japanese yoke; igh, hand, is the Kadiak aika; ogikh, man, is the Aleutan ugig, and itga, the Japanese otoko; enga, woman, is the Loochoo innago; also woussik, star, is the Choctaw phoutchick; kabakka, bread, the Araucanian copque; okera, bird, the Iroquois garioha; arykka, earth, the Peruvian urakke; ounatega, moon, the Cherokee anantoge; eget, sheep, the Peruvian chita; bayn, speak, the Araucanian pin; nyta, tooth, the Choctaw noteh; tourouck, wind, the Iroquois tekawerakwa; bure and dimega, ten, the Accad pur, Dacotah peeraga, Peruvian bururuche and tunca; kemsou, four, the Peruvian kimsa (three), etc. Similar analogies appear in the Furian, Haussa, and Berber. Prominent among the Berber tribes are the Zimuhr and Amor, whom some writers have regarded as descendants of Canaanitic Zemarites and Amorites. Gomera, the name of one of the Canary Islands, is a form answering to these. It is not a little remarkable to find Dr. von Tschudi saying: "There is a very striking conformity between the configuration of this race (the Aymaras of Peru) and that of the Guanches or inhabitants of the Canaries, who used also the same mode of preserving the bodies of their dead." The Guanches embalmed their dead, as did the Ainos and ancient Peruvians, a practice which they probably learned in Egypt. There is no ground for believing that the Guanches-who, like all the other members of the

large Accad family with which I have associated them, were not a maritime people-sent a colony to America, across the Atlantic. As the Peruvian represents the Accadian at the greatest eastward extension of his family, so does the Guanche at its most western limit. The Aymaras of Peru, with whom Dr. von Tschudi compares the Guanches, are by Dr. Hyde Clarke associated with the Sumerian branch of the Accad family, together with the Cambodians, who call themselves Kammer or Khmer. The Guanches of Gomera, and the Berber Zimuhr and Amor, should fall into the same division. Berber grammar, owing doubtless to Semitic influences, presents little in common with that of the Accad and those of its descendants, but the vocabulary coincides to a great extent with theirs. Such Berber words as ikerri, sheep, ana, lamb, tararach, nets, hierro, cistern, faycay, priest, coran, oggue, man, t'amrau't, woman, elali, good, achicuca, boy, ahemon, water, are easily identified with the Peruvian ccaura, una, atarraya, huirca, pachacuc, kkari and hake, marmi, alli, jocca, and huma. Strange to say, these words are also largely Celtic, so that the the terms Sumerian, Zimuhr, Gomera, Amor, and Aymara, may fitly be compared with Cymri. An ancient erection of the Peruvian Aymaras near Lake Titicaca, of which tradition says "that it was erected in a single night by invisible hands," has been fitly described by Mr. Bollaert as a kind of Peruvian Stonehenge. The same story is told of the Cymric Stonehenge, whose builder was Emrys. M. E. Pegot Ogier, in The Fortunate Isles, holds strongly the Celtic origin of the Berbers and Guanches, and cites a Guanche temple as corresponding perfectly to Celtic remains at Carnac. This writer also mentions the plaited hair of the Guanches, their use of the Peruvian oven, and their virgins of the sun, all of which serve to link them with the Aymaras. Some years ago I prepared a a long list of Celtic and Peruvian common terms, exhibiting wonderful similarities, for the Société Américaine de France, a portion of which was published also by Dr. Hyde Clarke in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute as an appendix to an article by Mr. Hector M'Lean on "The Scottish Highland Language and People." These words were to a great extent Aymara, so that if Celts are to be found in America, it must be in connection with this branch of the Peruvian family. The

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other Turanian languages of the Western Continent have little in common with the Celtic, and are much nearer in point of vocabulary to the Barabra than to the Berber dialects.

There is yet another Western member of the Accad stock, and one of prime importance. This is the Basque, which, from the identity of its numerals with those of the Haussa, and of its Vocabulary with the Barabra, and to a certain extent with the Berber, must be held to have reached its European home by way of Northern Africa. Guipuscoa, one of the Basque provinces, gives back again the Mesopotamian and Armenian Khupuskai and the Chapsoukes of Circassia, while Biscay tells the same story as the Karien Passuko, the Muysca Pesca, and the Peruvian Pisco. The Basques call themselves Euskara, a term which relates to Iscouria of Circassia and the Circassian god Achaicarus, to the Huascars, mythic ancestors of the Peruvians, and also to the Iroquois Tuscaroras and the Huron god Tawiscara. In the latter forms the prosthetic T has the same origin as that in Thapsacus and Tobasco. Their great god was Haitor, the eponym of the Astures, a name which recalls the Khitan Ashtar, the Accad Hasisadra, and the Peruvian Ayatarco. It is generally admitted that there are few languages in the Eastern Hemisphere so American in construction as the Basque, and, did space and the patience of the reader allow, it would be a simple matter to show that the vocabulary of that language is in harmony with the Accad and all the tongues that have been affiliated to it. The neighbourhood of the Basques as originally in proximity to a Celtic population, probably presents the same phenomenon that appears in Chaldæa, where Sumer and Accad dwelt together, in the Indo-Chinese area, where Accadian Passuko and Sumerian Khmer are found, and in Peru, where Accad Quichuas and Sumerian Aymaras shared the land.

That the Accad and Khita peoples, with those in Africa, Europe, Asia, and America who are of Accad and Khita descent, belong to the race of Ham, the Bible seems plainly to testify. Accad was a city of Nimrod the Cushite, and Heth or Khita were descendants of Canaan. But the Sumerians I identified with the Bible Zimri, who are spoken of in company with the Medes and Elamites, and these, with the posterity of Zimran, the eldest son of Abraham by Keturah,