without which what one was speaking about could not take place; it is derived from the Latin word hora, which became hor, and then or in French. Here is an application of this conjunction:

Tous les hommes sont mortels.

Or vous êtes homme.

Donc vous êtes mortel.

All men are mortal.

Now you are a man.
Therefore you are mortal.

Or stands for à cette heure, à présent, dans ce moment.

DONC,

which generally follows or, may, according to SICARD, be thus analysed:

"Tous les hommes sont mortels,"

or vous êtes homme.

Thus, the word DONC contains in itself the value of the preposition de, the Latin adverb undè, and the Latin word quod. The French donc is the equivalent of these words: de-là vient que. The guttural c supplies the place of q, and reciprocally; it is easy, therefore, to find in the word donc the representation of the four Latin words, de undè venit quod.

S. Is the que denoting comparison, and the que denoting admiration or desire, of the same species with the que just mentioned? M. Exactly

S. I do not fully perceive this. In "Je crois qu'il est malade,” I

clearly see two propositions; but, in "Le soleil est plus grand que la lune; que vous êtes bonne et aimable! que le ciel comble vos vœux!" I see but one proposition in each: this que must, therefore, certainly be of a different species from the first que, which serves to connect two propositions.

M. I profit by your remark to speak of the ellipsis, a mode of expression by which man abridges his speech, in order the more speedily to manifest his sentiments. It occurs frequently in all languages, and is one of the chief causes of grammatical error.

The sentence, Le soleil est plus grand que la lune," stands in the place of another, "Le soleil est plus grand que la lune n'est grande," in which you may perceive the whole part of the second proposition which the que was designed to unite with the first: Le soleil est plus grand.

In the sentences

et aimable!

Que le ciel comble vos vœux !

the whole of the first proposition is suppressed. In the first it is such a one as, On ne peut répéter assez que, &c. It cannot be sufficiently repeated, how, &c. In the latter, Je désire que, &c. I wish that, &c. From the above, I have a right to conclude that the comparative, exclamative, and admirative que, is neither more nor less than the conjunctive que.

S. What are the compound conjunctions?

M. They are the following, which we have divided into two classes, according as they govern the indicative or subjunctive. They are called compound, because the conjunction que, which gives them a conjunctive property, is combined with some of the other parts of speech. Owing to that circumstance, they have with propriety been denominated conjunctive phrases.

COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE

Ainsi que.

As, as well as.

Aussi que.

So, as,

Aussi peu que.
As little as.
Aussitôt que.
As soon as.
Aussi bien que.
As well as.
Autant que.
As much as.
Après que.
When

INDICATIVE EXEMPLIFIED.

Je l'ai fait ainsi que je vous l'ai promis.
I have done it as I promised you.

Une place aussi forte

pas dû être prise.

que l'était cette ville, n'aurait

A place so strong as that city, should not have been
taken.

Vous en prendrez aussi peu qu'il vous plaira.
You will take as little as you please.

Je suis arrivé aussitôt qu'il m'a été possible.
I am come as soon as I could.

Il est en état de le faire aussi bien que vous.
He is able to do it as well as you.

Il aime la lecture autant que vous aimez le jeu.
He loves reading as much as you love play.
Nous sortirons après que vous aurez dîné.
We will go out when you have dined.
Attendu que (sel- Je l'ai puni attendu qu'il avait tort.
dom used).

Since, because.

A (à) ce que.
By, according as.
A(a) mesure que.

As fast or as soon

as..

A (à) cause que.
Because.

A (à) condition

que.

On condition that.

I punished him because (or since) he was in the
wrong.

A ce que je vois, vous ne l'aurez pas à temps.
By what I see, you will not have it in time.
A mesure qu'ils paraissaient, ils étaient accablés
d'une grêle de balles.

As fast or as soon as they appeared, they were over-
powered by a shower of balls.

Faut-il qu'il soit insolent, à cause qu'il est riche?
Must he be insolent, because he is rich?
J'y consens, à condition qu'il viendra.

I agree to it, on condition that he will come.
A (à) la charge Je vous loue cette maison, à la charge que vous

l'entretiendrez.

que. Oncondition that. I let this house to you, on condition that you will keep it in repair.

Je vous l'accorde, bien entendu que vous tiendrez parole.

I grant it to you, provided you will keep your word.

C'est pour cela que je ne lui ai pas accordé sa de

mande.

It is for that I did not grant him his request.
Dès que la paix sera faite, je partirai pour l'Europe.
As soon as peace is made, I chall set off for Eu-
rope

As long as. Tellement que. So that.

Tellement que. that.

So

very

Vu que.

Qu'avez-vous fait, depuis que vous êtes ici?
What have you done since you have been here?
De manière qu'il n'était pas content du tout.
So that he was not pleased at all.

De sorte qu'il n'a pu en venir à bout.
So that he could not bring it about.

La nuit vint, de façon que je fus contraint de me
retirer.

Night came on, so that I was obliged to retire. Lorsqu'il apprit cette fatale nouvelle, il partit sur le champ.

When he learnt this fatal news, he set off immediately.

Je vous reprends de vos fautes, parce que je vous

aime.

I chide you for your faults, because I love you,
Pendant que vous jouez, il étudie sa leçon.
While you play, he studies his task.
Puisque vous le voulez, cela m'est égal.
Since you will have it so, it is all one to me.
Sitôt que j'eus reçu le paquet, je le lui adressa.
As soon as I had received the bundle, I forwardea
it to him.

Tandis que vous causez, le chat emporte la viande.
While you prate, the cat carries off the meat.
Tant que j'aurai de l'argent, vous n'en manquerez

pas.

As long as I have money you shall not want any.
Tellement que vous ne voulez pas me répondre,
So that you refuse to answer me.

Il est tellement occupé qu'il ne reçoit personne.
He is so very busy that he admits nobody.
Il ne le fera pas, vu qu'on le lui a défendu.

Seeing that, con- He will not do it, seeing that it is forbidden to

sidering.

him.

COMPOUND CONJUNCTIONS GOVERNING THE

SUBJUNCTIVE EXEMPLIFIED.

A (à) Dieu ne A Dieu ne plaise que j'en aie envie.

plaise que.

God forbid that.

Afin que.
That, to the end

that.

God forbid that I should wish for it.

Je suis sa caution, afin qu'il soit mis en liberté,
I am his surety, that he may be set at liberty.

N ?

A (à) moins que. Vous ne l'aurez pas, à moins que vous n'en payiez la moitié.

Unless.
Avant que.
Before.

Au cas que.

In case, if.
En cas que.
In case, if.

A (à) la bonne

heure que I, &c. agree.

Bien que.
Though, although.
Encore que.
Though, although.

Ce n'est pas que.
It is not that.

De peur que.
For fear, lest.
De crainte que.

For fear.

Loin que.
Far from.
Moyennant que.
Provided that.
Non que, ou non

pas que. Not that.

Plût à Dieu!

Would to God!

Pour que.
For that, before.

Pour peu que.
If ever so little.

Pourvu que.
Provided.

You shall not have it, unless you pay the half of it.
Il est entré avant que nous fussions levés..
He came in before we were up.

Il faudra nous retirer, au cas que cela arrive.
We must withdraw, in case it should happen.
En cas qu'elle vienne, dites-lui que je suis sorti.
If she comes, tell her I am gone out.

A la bonne heure qu'il sorte, pourvu qu'il revienne

bientôt.

I agree he shall go out, provided he soon comes
back.

Il est honnête homme, bien qu'il soit pauvre.
He is an honest man, though he be poor.
Encore qu'il soit riche, il n'en vaut pas mieux.
Although he be rich, he is not a bit the better
for it.

Ce n'est pas que je croie un mot de ce qu'il dit.
It is not that I believe a word of what he says.
Il a fait son testament, de peur qu'il ne mourût.
He made his will, for fear, or lest, he should die.
Dépêchez-vous, de crainte que l'heure ne soit
passée.

Make haste, for fear the hour be past.
Loin qu'il fasse du bruit, il est tranquille.
Far from making a noise, he is quiet.
Il l'aura, moyennant qu'il en paye la valeur.
He shall have it, provided that he pays its value.
Non que (ou non pas que) j'y prétende.

Not that I should pretend to it.

Plút à Dieu que les hommes entendissent leurs vrais intérêts!

Would to God that men understood their own interests!

Il faut un autre gouvernement, pour que j'aille dans ce pays-là.

Before I go to that country, there must be another government.

Il le fera, pour peu que vous lui en parliez.

He will do it, if you speak ever so little to him

about it.

Ils travailleront, pourvu qu'on les paye bien.
They will work, provided they are well paid.