Vous lui avez rompu le bras. Il ne peut sortir; la goutte lui a Je me suis fait couper les cheveux. ¦ You have broken her arm. You have trod on my foot. He cannot go out; the gout has swelled his legs. I have had my hair cut. RULE VI. In the following instances, and the like, the English possessive articles or pronouns are rendered, in French, by their correspondents, and the article is suppressed.-EXAMPLES: Je vois que mon bras enfle. I see that my arm is swelling. Pensez-vous que sa blessure se Do you believe that his wound will guérisse jamais ? Elle lui donna sa main à baiser. Elle donna hardiment son bras au chirurgien qui devait la saigner. ever be cured? She gave him her hand to kiss. She boldly gave her arm to the surgeon, who was to bleed her. Observe, that, as soon as the indicative or definite article may be used without apprehension of ambiguity, the articles au, à la, &c.are substituted for the possessive article or pronoun.-EXAMPLES: J'ai mal à l'oreille et aux yeux., Non; mais j'ai fort souvent mal J'ai eu mal au cœur à l'église. J'ai mal à la tête, au côté, et aux reins. My ears and eyes ache, or are sore. No; but I have often a pain in my stomach. My heart was faint at church. RULE VII.-The elliptical term mine, le mien, &c. in French, must agree, both in gender and number, with the noun to which it relates. -EXAMPLES: Quand vous m'aurez dit votre sen- | When you have told me your opitiment, je vous dirai le mien. nion, I will tell you mine. Songez-y de votre côté; j'y songe-Think about it, on your part; I rai aussi du mien. Sa voiture et la mienne sont a rrivées. will also think of it on mine. His carriage and mine are come. Ses amis et les miens s'en sont His friends and mine have intermêlés. fered. J'ai perdu mon canif, prêtez-moi I have lost my penknife, lend me le vôtre. VOL. II. ours. Leur maison est presque vis-à-vis | Their house is almost opposite to de la nôtre. Le roi était dans son carrosse, et The king was in his coach, and la reine dans le sien. the queen in her's. RULE VIII.-When, in English, mine, &c. are preceded by of, then they are rendered by mon, &c. as in the following EXAMPLES: Un de mes parens vient d'arriver | A relation of mine is just arrived from the Indies. des Indes. RULE IX. Should any of the possessive articles or pronouns be preceded by the verb to be, having for its subject a noun, or the pronouns it, they, &c. they are expressed, in French, by à moi, à toi, à soi, à lui, à elle, à eux, à elles. -EXAMPLES: Ce livre est-il à vous? Non, il est | Is this book yours? No, it is his à lui, ou à elle. Cette prairie est à nous, et ce bois est à eux. La terre était à moi, à présent elle est à toi. On m'a dit que c'était à lui; si c'était à moi, je m'en déferais le plus promptement possible. S'ils étaient à moi, je les garderais. or her's. This meadow is ours, and this wood is theirs. The land was mine, now it is thine. I have been told that it was his; LESSON THE SIXTH. ON THE DEMONSTRATIVE ARTICLE OR PRONOUN, &c. Master. It is useless to repeat what has already been said concerning the gender and number of this article or pronoun, (see pages 135 and 136;) I will merely observe, that, like all others, it must be repeated before every noun, with appropriate gender and number, as is exemplified in the following beautiful passage from RACINE'S Bérénice: De cette nuit, Phénice, as-tu vu la splendeur? Tes yeux ne sont-ils pas tout pleins de sa grandeur? Ces flambeaux, ce bûcher, cette nuit enflammée, Qui tous de mon amant empruntaient leur éclat ; In order to render the above words more fully determinative of the object spoken of, we often, in familiar language, add the small words ci and là.-EXAMPLES: Cet homme-ci est honnête; mais | cet homme-là est un coquin. Cette année-ci ne nous a pas été favorable. Ces plumes-ci sont meilleures que celles-là. Cette maison-ci est à vendre et celle-là est à louer. This man is honest; but that man is a rogue. This year has not been favourable to us. These pens are better than those. This house is to be sold, and that is to be let. RULE I.-The words this and that, when used to point at some object, without naming it, are rendered, in French, by ceci, cela.EXAMPLES: Ceci est bon, cela est mauvais. Donnez-moi ceci, et envoyez-lui | cela. Ceci est plus surprenant que cela. Ceci fut approuvé de quelquesuns; mais cela déplut à toute la compagnie. This is good, that is bad. This is more surprising than that. RULE II.-That which, what, are rendered, in French, by ce qui, or ce que: ce qui is used as the subject, and ce que as the object, in a sentence.-EXAMPLES: Ce qui le fâche, c'est de n'avoir Ce qui me réjouit, c'est de vous Ce qui lui est arrivé est bien triste. Ce qui est agréable au goût, est souvent contraire à la santé. | That which grieves him, is not to have succeeded. That which rejoices me, is to have seen you and all your family in good health. That which pleases me, displeases you. That which happened to him is Ce que je vous dis, est vrai. What I tell you, is true. I know what you think of that. Confess frankly what you have done, RULE III.-Whenever ce qui, ce que, o ce dont (de quoi), and ce à quoi, be in a sentence composed of two members, ce must be repeated before the verb étre, which begins the second member, provided it be followed by another verb, a noun plural, or a pronoun.-Ex But, should the verb être be followed by a noun singular, instead of a verb, then ce may or may not be repeated, according to the choice or taste of the writer, which circumstances ought to regu'ate.EXAMPLES: tice. Ce qui m'indigne est, ou c'est, l'in- | That which provokes me, is injusjustice. Ce que je dis est, ou c'est, la vé-That which I say, is the truth. rité. Ce que je hais dans un jeune homme est, ou c'est, la paresse. That which I hate in a young man, is laziness. C'e should be omitted before être, if it be followed by an adjective or a past participle.-EXAMPLES: Ce qu'il dit, est fait pour vous effrayer. Ce que vous venez de m'apprendre, est bien fâcheux. Ce dont j'avais peur est arrivé. Ce que j'ai mangé, était délicieux. | That which he says, is calculated to frighten you. That which you have just been informing me of, is very unfortunate. That which I was afraid of, has happened. That which I ate, was delicious. S. I have observed that many people commit errors in the use of ce qui, ce que, in French, by substituting one for the other; which mistake appears so much the more natural, as the two expressions above are rendered, in English, by the same words, that which. Could you not give me such rules as would effectually prevent these mistakes? M. I assigned the real difference between ce qui and ce que, when I first mentioned these idiomatical terms; I will now speak plainer. When that which, is placed immediately before a verb, it is rendered, in French, by ce qui.-EXAMPLE: Ce qui coûte peu, est trop cher, | That which costs little, is too dear, dès qu'il n'est pas nécessaire. when it is not necessary. Should a pronoun come between that which and the verb, that which, is always rendered by ce que.-EXAMPLES: Nous ne devrions jamais parler de | We ought never to speak of that RULE IV.—This, that, these, those, when used in order to avoid the repetition of the noun they relate to, are rendered, by celui, M. celle, F. ceux, M. P. celles, F. P.-EXAMPLES: Il dépense tout son bien et celui | He is spending all his estate, and de sa femme. Cette maison est plus petite que Mes vaches donnent plus de lait that of his wife also. This house is smaller than that of your brother. His horses are finer than those of the king. My cows give more milk than those of my neighbour. Observe, that ci and là are annexed to the above words, in pointing or alluding to the contrast or comparison of objects.-EXAMPLES: Voici plusieurs draps; choisissez | Here are several cloths, choose celui-ci, ou celui-là. this or that. Je ne veux ni de celui-ci, ni de I will have neither this one nor celui-là. La vertu et le vice produisent des that. Virtue and vice produce different effects; this causes the misery of man, that makes him happy. There are pears and apricots; these are ripe, but those are not yet 80. |