Le corps périt, l'ame est immortelle; cependant nous négligeons celle-ci, et nous sacrifions tout pour celui-là. The body perishes, the soul is immortal; nevertheless, we neglect this, and sacrifice every thing for that. RULE V.-Such expressions as he who, she who, they who, that which, those who, such as, &c. are expressed by celui qui, M. celle qui, F. ceux qui, M. P. celles qui, F. P. Whom, &c. that which (being objects), are rendered by celui que, &c.-EXAMPLES: Celui qui ne sait pas garder un secret, est indigne de confiance. Celle qui vient de passer, est mariée. Ceux qui sont paresseux, ne co nnaissent pas le prix du temps. Ceux qui sont contens de leur sort sont heureux. Celles qui ont le mieux dansé ont été récompensées. On doit encourager les efforts de ceux qui s'appliquent aux arts et aux sciences. Celui que vous voyez a manqué d'être pendu. Ceux que vous protégez, vous trahissent. He who does not know how to keep a secret, is unworthy of confidence. She who just went by, is married. Such as are idle, know not the value of time. Those who are contented with their condition, are happy. Those who have danced the best, have been rewarded. We ought to encourage the efforts of those who apply themselves to the arts and sciences. He whom you see, had like to have been hanged. They whom you protect, betray you. Observe, 1st. That qui may be separated from celui; in that case, là is joined to it; so, instead of saying, Celui qui médit de son prochain¡ He who slanders his neighbours est un homme méchant, is a wicked man, He is a wicked man who slanders his neighbours. Ceux qui négligent de payer leurs | Those who neglect to pay their dettes, se préparent bien des chagrins, We may say, debts, bring upon themselves many cares, Ceux-là, se préparent bien des | They bring upon themselves many chagrins, qui négligent de pa ver leurs dettes. cares, who neglect to pay their debts. 2d. If a question be asked by the English relative which, it is, in French, rendered, in the answer, by celui que, celle que, &c. or celui qui, celle qui, &c. on such occasions as in the following EXAMPLES: Laquelle de ces deux oranges vou- | Which of these two oranges will you have? Which you please. Which of these cloths do you like best? That which pleased you much. Which of these two men is the tallest? The one on your right. RULE VI.-Ce joined to the verb être requires it should accord with the substantire that follows.-EXAMPLES: C'est votre temps, ce sont vos soins, | It is your time, it is your cares vos affections, c'est vous-même qu'il faut donner à votre ami. Si ce n'est pas la religion, ce sont les coutumes qu'on y révère au lieu de lois. Sont-ce là vos gens? and affections, it is yourself, you Are these your people? Poets and prose writers occasionally deviate from the above rule. Observe, that, if être be followed by several nouns in the singular, it remains in the singular, though those nouns, united, be equivalent to a plural.-EXAMPLES: you. C'est votre frère et votre ami, qui | It is your brother and your friend vous demandent. who ask for Ce qui fait le triomphe d'une | That which forms the triumph of femme, c'est la vertu et l'es- a woman, is virtue and underprit. standing. RULE VII.-Should the verb être be followed by a plural pronoun, it remains notwithstanding in the singular, except that pronoun be of the third person plural; and then it assumes the number corresponding thereto.-EXAMPLES: C'est nous qui avons enlevé le | It is we who have carried the codrapeau. Est-ce nous qui l'avons oublié ? lours off. Is it we who have forgotten it? Ce fut nous qu'on choisit pour | It was we that were chosen for cette expédition. C'est vous, messieurs, qui en êtes cause. Est-ce vous, mesdames, qui avez that expedition. It is you, gentlemen, who are the cause of it. Was it you, ladies, who danced first? It is they who will teach him the Is it they who are against it? RULE VIII.-When a question is asked, in French, by est-ce là, sont-ce là, &c. if it relate to one thing, the answer, in the affirmative, is oui, ce l'est; if to several, oui, ce les sont; but, if to persons, the proper pronouns are used and placed after the verb, étre.-EXAMPLES: Is this your father's house? Yes, Est-ce là la maison de votre père? | Sont-ce là vos parentes? Oui, ce Are these your kinswomen? Yes, sont elles. they are. Observe, 1st, When such an indeterminate question as sont-ce des hommes que je vois? are these men that I see? is asked, the answer is, c'en est, yes, they are: one cannot answer c'en sont, which would be quite as harsh as sont-ce eux? 2d, The answer to such a question as est-ce là nos gens? are these our people? (which can be resolved, in French, by cela est-il nos gens? is that our people?) is, oui, c'est eux; that is to say, cela est eux; but, if the question was expressed thus, which is the most correct way, sont-ce là nos gens? the answer would be, ce sont eux. • In interrogation, sont-ce eux? would be too grating to the ear; the singular, est-ce-eux? though it militates against the above rule, is preferred. LESSON THE SEVENTH. OF QUI, QUE, &c. RULE I.-Who, that, and which, not acted upon by a preposition, are expressed by qui, which, when those words are placed before a verb, in English, if some one of the active pronouns I, thou, &c. be not interposed between them and the verb, is appropriate to any object to be determined.-EXAMPLES: L'homme qui parle est un de mes | The man who speaks is a friend amis. La demoiselle qui me parle a été dangereusement malade. La femme qui prend soin de son ménage est estimable. of mine. The young lady who speaks to me has been dangerously ill. The woman who takes care of her house is estimable. Voyez-vous ces chevaux qui cou-Do you see those horses that run? rent? Passez-moi le plat qui est sur la Hand me the dish which is on the table. table. RULE II.—When whom, that, or which, are placed before a verb attended by the active pronouns I, thou, &c. they are translated, in French, by que.-EXAMPLES: EXCEPTION.-Who or whom, though placed before an active pronoun, when it is meant to express what person, must be translated by qui, which stands for quel est or qui est celui que.—EXAMPLES: Je sais qui vous voulez dire. Je ne saurais deviner qui vous Eh bien! vous ne saurez jamais qui c'est. I know whom you mean. I cannot guess whom you love. Well! you will never know who it is. RULE III.-Of whom, of whose, or whose, are generally expressed by dont, for all sorts of objects (singular or plural, masculine or feminine,) when the noun they relate to is the subject or object of a sentence. Of whom, or whose, relating to persons only, may also be rendered by de qui.-EXAMPLES: Dieu de qui, ou dont nous admi- | God whose works we admire. rons les œuvres. C'est l'homme de qui ou dont je vous ai parlé.] Les héros de qui ou dont il tire Est-ce là le cheval dont vous venez C'est une maladie dont on ne co- It is the man of whom I spoke to you. The heroes of whom he draws his origin. Is that the horse of which you have just now made a purchase? The means of which he made use is not honest. It is an illness, the cause of which is unknown. It is an event of which no account is given in history. Observe, that from whom is always rendered by de qui, and never by dont.-EXAMPLES: Le jeune homme de qui j'ai reçu | une lettre, il y a quelque temps, est mort. Le négociant, de qui vous réclamez cet argent, vient de faire banqueroute. The young man from whom I received a letter, some time ago, is dead. The merchant, from whom you claim that money, has just become a bankrupt. The people from whom you expect so many services, deceive you. Les gens, de qui vous attendez tant de services, vous trompent. RULE IV. Instead of dont, we usc, 1st, de qui, m. and f. s. and p. or duquel, m. s. de laquelle, f. s. &c. for persons; and 2dly, duquel, m. s. de laquelle, f. s. &c. (and never de qui) for things, when the sense or construction of the phrase admits of a noun acted upon by a preposition placed between them and the noun it relates to.-EXAMPLES: |