Voilà un régiment à la valeur du- | This is a regiment whose valour quel l'ennemi n'a pu résister. Les passions violentes sont des maladies aux progrès desquelles on ne saurait apporter des remèdes trop prompts. the enemy has been unable to resist. 1 Violent passions are ills, against whose progress one cannot apply too speedy remedies. RULE V. When whom, and which, are governed by the prepositions to, on, in, &c. the former, applying to persons or personified beings only, is translated by qui; and the latter, applying to animals, and things in general, by lequel, &c.-EXAMPLES: 1st. Votre père est un homme à qui Le négociant pour qui je tiens les 2d. Et cette mort, à laquelle vous ne Le cheval, auquel vous avez donné 1st. Your father is a man to whom I The merchant for whom I keep God, toward whom you turn your 2d. The horse to which you gave some feed, is not mine. The pleasure to which you devote yourself, is hurtful to health. The thing of which I am thinking, is very interesting. The lot on which I intend to build, very large. is These are the reasons upon which Some authors of French Grammars will have it, that quoi, with the prepositions à, sur, &c. may apply to inanimate objects; for instance, instead of saying, les raisons sur lesquelles, &c. they maintain that we might equally well say, les raisons sur quoi. Polite custom, however, is against using quoi, in such cases, at all; but there are circumstances in which à quoi and de quoi are used, when they allude to things: for example, à quoi is used when to be is followed by a verb or adjective, requiring after it the preposition to, or any other rendered by à, before the words that which, which or that, what.-EXAMPLES: C'est à quoi je m'applique. C'était à quoi elle l'exhortait. Il n'y a rien à quoi je ne sois disposé. It is to that I apply myself. It was what she exhorted him to. There is nothing which I am not disposed to. De quoi is used, when to be is followed by a verb or adjective, the correspondent of which, in French, requires the preposition de. -EXAMPLES: C'est de quoi je m'occupe sans | It is that about which I am always cesse. C'est de quoi je vous assure. tent. Occupying myself. It is that of which I assure you. It is that at which I am very much dissatisfied. De quoi signifies also something in itself that may, &c. as in the following phrase: Une juste louange a de quoi flatter | Just praise has something in it that un homme sensible. may flatter a man of feeling. De quoi also signifies sufficiency and even abundance, in the familiar style. EXAMPLES: C'est un homme qui a de quoi | He is a man who has wherewith to vivre. live upon. On m'a dit que cette demoiselle I was told that this young lady avait de quoi. was rich. But, if rien be used after être, dont must be preferred to de quoi.— EXAMPLES: RULE VI.—Quoi may be acted upon by other prepositions, when it corresponds with the English that, what, or which, meaning, in general, that thing, what thing.—EXAMPLES: Je ne vois pas sur quoi'ses préten- | Dites-moi avec quoi vous préten- I see not upon what his preten sions are grounded. Do it; without that you will never succeed in it. Tell me by what means you ex pect to bring it about. With prodigality, you will be generous for six months; after which you cannot be so any longer. RULE VII. Should whom, that, or which, be understood, in English, as in the following phrases and the like, they must, in French, by no means be omitted.—EXAMPLES: La demoiselle, que vous avez ren- C'est à vous que j'en veux. C'est de moi qu'il se plaint. L'homme de qui, ou dont, vous The young lady you met is a The tree you see yonder has been It is against you I have a grudge It is of me he complains. The man you received your goods M. There are some particular cases wherein lequel, &c. is preferred to qui, even in the circumstances expressed by Rule I.; as in the following EXAMPLES: La fille de votre ami, laquelle est | Your friend's daughter who is infiinfiniment agréable, est venue vous demander. C'est un effet de la Providence, lequel convaincra les incrédules. nitely agreeable, is come to inquire after you. It is an act of Providence which will convince the incredulous If, in the first sentence, qui were put instead of laquelle, it would not be certain whether it were intended to signify, that the friend, or his daughter, is infinitely agreeable; and, in the second, were it not for lequel, it could not be determined, whether it be Providence, or its act, that will convince the incredulous. RULE VIII.-When things are spoken of, and followed by in which, in what, to which, at what, from which, through which, &c. in the sense of where, wherein, whereat; these, if the noun to which they relate metaphorically imply some kind of motion or rest, may be rendered elegantly, in French, by lequel, M. S. laquelle, F. S. lesquels, M. P. lesquelles, F. P. duquel, &c. par lequel, &c. vers lequel, &c. instead of où, d'où, par où.-EXAMPLES: Voyez le mauvais état où, ou dans lequel, vous l'avez laissée. Le siècle où, ou dans lequel, nous vivons. Le danger où, ou dans lequel, il se trouve. Voilà le but où, ou vers lequel, il tend. Je me suis rendu à la maison où, ou dans laquelle, elle demeure. Philippe dit à son fils Alexandre, en lui donnant Aristote pour précepteur, apprenez, sous un si bon maître, à éviter les fautes où, ou dans lesquelles, je suis tombé. Je connais le principe d'où, ou duquel, découle votre système. Voilà les raisons d'où, ou desquelles, il conclut. Henri quatre regardait la bonne éducation de la jeunesse comme une chose d'où, ou de laquelle, dépend la félicité des royaumes et des peuples. Voilà le chemin par où, ou par le quel, j'ai passé. Je sais les moyens par où, ou par lesquels, il parvint à ses fins. Behold the bad condition in which you left her. The age we live in. The danger in which he finds himself. That is the end he aims at. I repaired to the house in which she lives. Philip said to his son Alexander, in giving him Aristotle for his preceptor, learn, under so good a master, to avoid the faults into which I have fallen. I know the principle from which your system is derived. These are the reasons from which he concludes. Henry the Fourth regarded the good education of youth as a thing upon which the felicity of kingdoms and nations depended. There is the road through which I passed. I know the means by which he gained his point. LESSON THE EIGHTH. OF QUI, LEQUEL, &c. USED INTERROGATIVely. RULE I.-Who is translated, in French, by qui, or by qui est-ce qui. in familiar language, relating to persons only.-EXAMPLES: RULE II Whom, not being acted upon by a preposition, is rendered, in French, by qui, or qui est-ce que; if by qui, the pronoun must be placed after the verb.-EXAMPLES: Qui poursuivez-vous si vivement? | Whom do you pursue so closely? Qui découvrez-vous là bas? Qui aimez-vous le mieux ? Whom do you descry yonder? On the contrary, if it be rendered by qui est-ce que, the must precede the verb.-EXAMPLES: Qui est-ce que vous poursuivez si vivement? pronoun RULE III. When whom is acted upon by a preposition, it is rendered, in French, by qui, acted upon by an appropriate preposition, and not so well by qui est-ce que, acted upon by the same preposition. -EXAMPLES: De qui vous entretenez-vous ? A qui écrivez-vous? Of whom do you speak? of news? To whom do you write? RULE IV. Whose, interrogatively used, is rendered by à qui.EXAMPLES: A qui est cette belle maison? A qui sont ces bas de soie? Whose fine house is that? Whose silk stockings are these? RULE V.-Which, relating to persons or things, is rendered by lequel, m. laquelle, f. &c.-EXAMPLES: |