Railway contracts. Estates of mans. Property of Porte and Vakoufs. Subjects of the Princi (6) Bulgaria (10), Servia (58), and Roumania (51) take the place of the Porte in railway undertakings affecting those countries respectively; but in Eastern Roumelia the rights and obligations of the Porte continue (21). As to Montenegro, see Art. 29. (7) Special provision is made for the rights of Mussulman landed proprietors in Bulgaria (12) and in the territory ceded to Montenegro (30), and to Servia (39). (8) Provision is also made as to property belonging to the State and to religious foundations (Vakoufs) in Bulgaria (12), Montenegro (30), and Servia (39). (9) The relation of Bulgarians (12), Montenegrins (31), palities. Servians (40), and Roumanians (50), when within the Ottoman dominions, to Ottoman law, are specially regulated. An Agent of Montenegro. Ottoman debt. Bulgarian tribute. Bosnia and Herzegovina. (10) It is provided that Montenegro may have agents at Constantinople and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire (31). (11) Provision is made as to the share of the Ottoman debt to be borne by Bulgaria (9), and, in respect of the territory newly annexed to them, by Montenegro (33) and Servia (42). (12) Lastly, provision is made for the payment of tribute by Bulgaria (9). Detailed information upon these points will be found in the notes to the relative articles of the Treaty. XII. BOSNIA and HerzegOVINA.—The Bosnians were tributary to Hungary or Servia, till in 1376 they proclaimed a king of their own; after whose defeat at the battle of Kossovo, in 1389, Bosnia became a vassal of Turkey, and was incorporated with it in 1463. It became one of the eight European ' eyalets,' in which the Herzegovina is a 'sandjak.' The adoption of Mohammedanism by the feudal nobles led to an estrangement between them and the mainly Christian peasantry. It was in the Herzegovina that the disturbances first began in 1875 which resulted in the Russo-Turkish war. By the Treaty of San Stefano1 the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was to be reformed in accordance with the scheme 1 Art. 14. which had been laid before the Conference of Constantinople in 18761, subject to modifications to be agreed upon by Turkey, Russia, and Austria. The Treaty of Berlin provided a more drastic remedy for the grievances of these provinces, by arranging that they should be occupied and administered' by Austria 2. One incidental result of this arrangement was to put an end to the controversy, long carried on between the Porte and Austria, as to the right of the former to communicate freely from the sea with the Herzegovina, through the two enclaves of that province, Klek and Sutorina, which jut out into Dalmatia 3. For the subsequent history of these districts, see the note to Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin. XIII The remaining topics, XIII-XVII, are probably explained in Topics sufficient detail in the notes to the relative articles of the XVII, Treaty of Berlin, together with, in the case of XV, the notes to the Convention of 18814. TEXTS. No. I. General Treaty between Her Majesty, the Emperor 1856, of Austria, the Emperor of the 30th French, the March. 2 Art. 25. 1 See Parl. Papers, 1877, Turkey, No. 2, p. 160. 3 These two enclaves belonged to the Porte from 1597 to 1797, and in 1815 were restored to it by Austria, which however objected, especially in 1852 and 1876, to Ottoman troops being sent through them into the Herzegovina, declaring that the coast water on which they abut is Austrian. See the Treaty of Paris of 30th May, 1814; the Treaty of Vienna, of 9th June, 1815, Art. 93 ; and, for the correspondence in 1853, N. R. G. xv, 471; in 1876, Parl. Papers, Turkey, No. 1, p. 38. 4 R King of Sardinia, and the Sultan, signed at Contents. ARTICLE I. Peace. II-VI, XXXI. Temporary. VII-IX. The Porte and the Powers. X. The Straits. XI-XIV. The Black Sea. XV-XIX. The Danube. XX. Bessarabia. XXII-XXVII. Wallachia and Moldavia. XXVIII, XXIX. Servia. XXX. Asiatic Boundary. XXXII. Commerce. [XXXIII. Aland Islands.] XXXIV. Ratification. In the Name of Almighty God. THEIR Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Emperor of the French, the Emperor of all the Russias, the King of Sardinia, and the Emperor of the Ottomans, animated by the desire of putting an end to the calamities of war, and wishing to prevent the return of the complications which occasioned it, resolve to come to an understanding with His Majesty the Emperor of Austria as to the bases on which peace might be re-established and consolidated, by securing, through effectual and reciprocal guarantees, the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire. For this purpose Their said Majesties have named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say: Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Right Honourable George William Frederick Earl of Clarendon, &c., Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs; and the Right Honourable Henry Richard Charles Baron Cowley, &c., Her Majesty's Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the French; His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, the Sieur Charles Ferdinand Count of Buol-Schauenstein, &c., His Minister of the House and of Foreign Affairs, President of the Conference of Ministers; and the Sieur Joseph Alexander Baron de Hübner, &c., His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of France; His Majesty the Emperor of the French, the Sieur Alexander Count Colonna Walewski, &c., His Minister and Secre 1 Parl. Papers, 1856; N. R. G. xv, 770. tary of State for Foreign Affairs; and the Sieur Francis Adolphus Baron de Bourqueney, &c., His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty ; His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the Sieur Alexis Count Orloff, &c.; and the Sieur Philip, Baron de Brunnow, His Privy Councillor, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Germanic Confederation and to the Grand Duke of Hesse, &c. ; His Majesty the King of Sardinia, the Sieur Camille Benso Count of Cavour, &c., President of the Council of Ministers, and His Minister Secretary of State for the Finances; and the Sieur Salvator Marquis de Villa-Marina, &c., His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of France; And His Majesty the Emperor of the Ottomans, Mouhammed Emin Aali Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire &c.; and Mehemmed Djemil Bey, &c., His Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the Emperor of the French, accredited in the same character to His Majesty the King of Sardinia; Which Plenipotentiaries assembled in Congress at Paris 1. An understanding having been happily established between them, Their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Emperor of Austria, the Emperor of the French, the Emperor of all the Russias, the King of Sardinia, and the Emperor of the Ottomans, considering that in the interest of Europe, His Majesty the King of Prussia, a signing Party to the Convention of the 13th of July, 18412, should be invited to participate in the new arrangements to be adopted, and appreciating the value that the concurrence of His said Majesty would add to a work of general pacification, invited him to send Plenipotentiaries to the Congress. In consequence, His Majesty the King of Prussia has named as His Plenipotentiaries, that is to say: 1 For the Protocols of this Congress, which sat from 25th February to 16th March, 1856, see Parl. Papers, 1856; N. R. G. xv, 633. Peace. Evacuation. Kars. Restoration of Russian territory. The Sieur Otho Theodore Baron de Manteuffel, President of His Council, and His Minister for Foreign Affairs, &c.; and the Sieur Maximilian Frederick Charles Francis Count of Hatzfeldt Wildenburg-Schoenstein, His actual Privy Councillor, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, &c. The Plenipotentiaries, after having exchanged their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed upon the following Articles : PEACE. ART. I. From the day of the exchange of the ratifications of the present Treaty 1, there shall be peace and friendship between Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, His Majesty the Emperor of the French, His Majesty the King of Sardinia, His Imperial Majesty the Sultan, on the one part, and His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias 2, on the other part; as well as between their heirs and successors, their respective dominions and subjects, in perpetuity. TEMPORARY PROVISIONS. ART. II. Peace being happily re-established between their said Majesties, the territories conquered or occupied by their armies during the war shall be reciprocally evacuated. Special arrangements shall regulate the mode of the evacuation, which shall be as prompt as possible. ART. III. His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias engages to restore to His Majesty the Sultan the town and citadel of Kars3, as well as the other parts of the Ottoman territory of which the Russian troops are in possession. ART. IV. Their Majesties the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Emperor of the French, the King of Sardinia, and the Sultan, engage to restore to His Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, the towns and ports of Sebastopol, 1 I. e. 27th April, 1856. 2 Interrupted as between the Sultan and the Emperor of Russia by the war of 1877. 3 Re-assigned to Russia by Art. 58 of the Treaty of Berlin. |