this concentration of thought. Phrenologists are not yet agreed upon the point, and much careful observation would be required to set it properly at

rest.

"4. ADHESIVENESS.

Uses: attachment, friendship, and society result from it. Abuses: clanship for improper objects, attachment to worthless individuals. It is generally strong in women,”

Note. This faculty gives a tendency to form strong attachments to individuals of our own species; but if this gratification is denied, it may shew itself in attachment to some of the inferior animals. In general, it inclines us to love those who love us; but this reciprocity of affection is not always necessary. It may also give rise to a love of our native country or district, and, along with the last mentioned faculty, to the feeling and the love of home. Joined to the sexual propensity, it leads, even among the most ignorant savages, to a kind of marriage, or, at least, a permanent union between individuals of opposite sex. Hence it appears that

this institution has a foundation in the nature of man, and is suited to the human faculties. Other faculties, however, particularly conscientiousness, firmness, and veneration, united to positive, legal, and divine sanctions, are necessary to give the institution that peculiarly sacred and binding character which it has in all civilized countries.

5. COMBATIVENESS.-Uses: courage to meet danger, and overcome difficulties; tendency to oppose and attack whatever requires opposition, and to resist unjust encroachments.-Abuses: love of contention, and tendency to provoke assault." Mr Combe adds, adds,—“This faculty obviously adapts man to a world in which danger and difficulty abound."

Note. The tendency of this last observation will be seen afterwards. That it is true in man's present state need not be disputed; but Mr Combe draws conclusions from it which do not legitimately follow, with regard to the unfitness of such a faculty for a paradisaical state. This point will be considered in the sequel.

"6. DESTRUCTIVENESS.-Uses: desire to destroy noxious objects, and to kill for food. It is very discernible in carnivorous animals. - Abuses: cruelty, murder, desire to torment, tendency to passion, harshness and severity in speech and writing." Note. This faculty is by no means limited to the desire of destroying living beings. It gives the desire of destroying generally, and of breaking or rending any object, animate or inanimate, and is not only capable of many legitimate uses, as in quarrying, mining, clearing forests, cutting roads, &c. but its employment is indispensable to the production of the simplest article which man is able to construct; it not being possible for human ingenuity to form any structure or fabric but by breaking, dividing, or otherwise destroying those substances which are employed as its materials. Among the abuses of this propensity may be mentioned, that innate love of mischief which is possessed in a strong degree by some individuals, and which is shewn sometimes in the wanton defacement of statues, and other ornamental works.

Mr Combe here adds a remark of a similar tendency to that which he makes in regard to Combativeness. "This feeling places man in harmony with death and destruction, which are woven into the system of sublunary creation." To this I make the same answer as in the last case. Though it be

true, as man is now situated, it does not follow that it may have been so always, there being abundant legitimate exercise for a destroying faculty without the destruction of life.

In his System of Phrenology, Mr Combe mentions, that "Destructiveness has been regarded by some phrenologists as communicating a more general species of energy to the mind. In endeavouring to trace analogically the manner in which it produces this last effect, it has been supposed to give an impatient craving for excitement: a desire to vent the mind, as it were, on something; a feeling which would be delighted with smashing and turmoil, or with any great irregular commotion, rather than with the listlessness of repose." He afterwards observes, -"The real effect of Destructiveness seems to be, to communicate ability to act with energy in certain situations in which, with that organ small, the individual would be completely paralyzed. In this way it may add vigour, even to the manifestations of benevolence," &c. This is just one of the instances in which it is seen that we really are not yet arrived at a clear and accurate knowledge of the real extent and scope of many of the faculties. We see their general tendency; but of their exact limits and functions we have in many cases no very definite idea. Mr Combe here mentions, that some phrenologists are of this opinion with regard to Destructiveness; and I may state, that I am one of the number. I think it probable that both combativeness and destructiveness are general powers, communicating different kinds of energy to the mind, and giving rise to a delight in the exhibition of power, physical or mental. I have elsewhere likened them to the steam required for the

working of the mental machinery, of which combativeness may be considered as acting on the low pressure, and destructiveness on the high pressure principle. I merely state this as a supposition which is still to be tried and proved; and much consideration and careful observation may be required to enable us to ascertain its truth or falsehood.

"7. SECRETIVENESS.-Uses: Tendency to restrain within the mind the various emotions and ideas that involuntarily present themselves, until the judgment has approved of giving them utterance. It is simply the tendency to conceal, and is an ingredient in prudence. -Abuses: Cunning, deceit, duplicity, and lying."

8. ACQUISITIVENESS. -Uses: Desire to possess, and tendency to accumulate articles of utility, to provide against want.—Abuses: Inordinate desire of property, selfishness, avarice, theft."

Note. This faculty has no reference either to providing

against want, or appropriating what belongs to others. It seems to give rise to the feeling of property, and to the desire of acquiring, without reference to the means by which the acquisition is to be made, or the purposes to which it is to be applied; and hence, it requires to be regulated by the sense of justice and other higher feelings, and by intellect.

"9.

CONSTRUCTIVENESS.

-Uses: Desire to build

and construct works of art.-Abuses: Construction of engines to injure or destroy, and fabrication of objects to deceive mankind."

Note. This faculty not only gives the desire, but the talent for constructing. Its organ lies between those of the propensities and lower intellectual faculties, and its function partakes of the nature of

both. In regard to the construction of engines to destroy, and objects to deceive, these are not abuses of constructiveness, but of other faculties which employ its powers for improper purposes. There may be an abuse of this faculty in the excessive indulgence of the tendency to construct for the mere pleasure which it affords, without a regard to utility, and spending time and money in executing laborious works, without end or object.

"GENUS II. SENTIMENTS.

"1. Sentiments common to Man with the Lower
Animals."

Note. It may be remarked, that it is only certain species of the lower animals which possess any of the sentiments now to be mentioned. They should therefore be called, sentiments common to man, and some of

the lower animals.

"10. SELF-ESTEEM.-Uses: Self-respect, self-interest, love of independence, sense of personal dignity.-Abuses: Pride, disdain, overweening conceit, excessive selfishness, love of dominion.

"11. LOVE OF APPROBATION.- Uses: Desire of the esteem of others, love of praise, desire of fame or glory.— Abuses: Vanity, ambition, thirst for praise independently of praise-worthiness.

"12. CAUTIOUSNESS.-Uses: It gives origin to the sentiment of fear, the desire to shun danger, and circumspection; and it is an ingredient in prudence.- Abuses : Excessive timidity, poltroonery, unfounded apprehensions, despondency, melancholy."

Note. It may be added, that the gratification of this