7. Tel 'such,' fem. telle, plu. tels, fem. telles. telles personnes, 'Such and such persons.'

Telles et

8. Quelque 'some,' plu. quelques. Quelque personne pourrait croire, Some person might believe it.'

९

REMARK. 1. Tout is an adverb and consequently invariable when it means quite, entirely; in that case it usually precedes an adjective or adverb. Ex.: Il est tout attentif, 'He is quite attentive'; Tout uniment, 'Very plainly, simply,' or even a noun. Ex.: Il est tout oreilles, 'He is all ears.' But tout agrees with its noun like an adjective whenever it precedes a feminine adjective or a participle beginning with a consonant or an h aspirate. Ex.: Cette femme est toute bonne, That woman is very kind' (i. e., all kindness); Elles sont toutes troublées, They are very much disturbed.'

e

2. Quelque is an adjective when it means some or a few. Ex.: Quelques hommes, 'A few men.' It is an adverb when it means about, nearly. Ex.: Il y a quelque cinquante ans, About fifty years ago.'

Quelque... que is adjective before a noun, or an adjective immediately followed by its noun; it is an adverb before an adjective, a participle followed by que and a verb like être, paraître, or an adverb. Ex.: De quelques superbes distinctions que se flattent les hommes, ils ont tous la même origine, Whatever lofty distinction men may arrogate to themselves, they all have the same origin.' Quelque méchants que soient les hommes, ils n'oseraient paraître ennemis de la vertu, 'However wicked men may be, they dare not appear to be enemies of all virtue.'

Quel que (in two words) used before the verb être is variable. Ex.: Quelle que soit l'habileté de cet homme, il ne réussira pas, 'However skillful that man may be, he will not succeed.'

CHAPTER V.

PRONOUNS.

The French pronoun is a word which performs in a sentence the function of a noun. It generally stands for the noun to which it refers and thus avoids its repetition. It may sometimes refer to a whole sentence; in this case it is really a neuter and remains invariable.' It never accompanies a noun to determine it; this is the function of an adjective. Ex.: IL ME parle, 'He speaks to me.' Elle est belle, elle le sait, 'She is beautiful, she knows it.' Qu'il ait été heureux dans son entreprise, je le crois volontiers, 'That he should have been successful in his undertaking, I can readily believe' (i. e., believe it). But in sentences like Son père est bon, 'His father is good-natured,' son is an adjective. There are six classes of pronouns: Personal, Possessive, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite.

A. Personal Pronouns.

Personal pronouns are either conjunctive or disjunctive. Conjunctive pronouns are those that are construed immediately with a verb as subject or object. Disjunctive pronouns are those that are used after prepositions or in apposition. Conjunctive pronouns used as objects may be direct or indirect (representing the Latin dative), but if a preposition is required the disjunctive pronoun must be used.

a. CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Sing.

12

Subject. je 'I,' 2 tu thou' (you), Masc. il 'he, it,' Fem. elle 'she, it,'

Object.

me 'me, to me, for me,' 2
te 'thee, to thee, for thee,' 2
le him,it,' 2 (lui 'to him,'
la 'her, it,' 'to her, to it,'

b. DISJUNCTIVES.

moi 'I, me, to me,' toi 'thou, thee, to thee,' lui 'he, him, to him, elle 'she, her.' [to her,'

1 Le (neuter) may also be a synonym of cela, object of a transitive verb, or even follow an intransitive in certain locutions. Ex.: Je me le tiens pour dit, 'I consider it said once for all.' With the verb être, it often refers to a preceding past part. Ex.: Il est aimé comme il mérite de l'être, 'He is loved as he deserves.' 2 Je, me, te, le become j', m', t', l' before a vowel or an h mute.

NOTE. Tu, te, and the corresponding disjunctive toi are used for intimate friends, children, and animals, or to exIn poetry the usage is the same as

press strong emotion.

EN and Y are used for persons and things.

En signifies

de lui, d'elle; d'eux, d'elles; de cela and sometimes "de moi," etc.; y signifies à lui, à elle, à eux, à elles, à cela, etc. Ex.: J'aime cet enfant et j'en suis aimé, I love that child and am loved by him.' Penserez-vous à moi? J'y penserai, 'Will you think of me? I shall think of you.'

The reflexive pronoun of the third person sing. is se conjunctive, and soi disjunctive. Se is both direct and indirect; soi is indirect. They mean himself, herself, itself, one's self, to himself, to herself,' etc. Se is also the conjunctive reflexive pronoun, both direct and indirect of the third person plur., and means 'themselves, to themselves.' For the uses of soi see page 25. For the use of reflexive pronouns see conjugation of reflexive verbs.

REMARK.1. For the third person especially, in the singular and the plural the English rendering must be modified according to the sentence, as the classification in gender is different in the two languages.

2. Je, me, te, le, la, se elide their vowel before another vowel or before an h mute. Ex.: J'arrive, 'I come,' Elle

m'aperçoit, She sees me.'

3. The forms moi, toi, and soi are replaced by m', ť, s', when they immediately precede en or y. Ex.: Donnez m'en, 'Give me some (i, e., of it).' (See pages 24 and 25.)

To the disjunctive personal is often appended the word même 'self' (sing.); in the plural it becomes mêmes 'selves' except when the pronoun refers to one person. Ex.: Vousmême (you, yourself) refers to one person, vous-mêmes (you, yourselves) refers to several persons. In the plural autres is used with similar value after nous and vous. Ex.: Nous autresas for us.'

REMARK. Nous-mêmes emphasizes the fact that the action or situation refers to ourselves, while nous autres places us in opposition to others. Ex.: Nous avons fait cela nous-mêmes, 'We have done it ourselves.' Nous autres nous avons travaillé pendant que vous vous reposiez, We have been at work while you were resting.'

Uses of the Conjunctive Forms.

The conjunctive forms are generally used as subject and direct object of verbs, and as indirect object whenever they are not dependent on a preposition. Ex.: Je vois, I see.' Il me voit, 'He sees me.' Il me donne son livre, He gives me his book.' Exceptions are noted immediately below.

Uses of the Disjunctive Forms.

Disjunctive forms are used:

୧

1. After a preposition. Ex.: Ce livre est à moi, "This book is mine'; pour moi for me.'

Il

2. In apposition and as an attribute after être. Ex.: Moi, je suis venu le premier, I was the first to come.' ne sait pas ce qu'il dit, lui, He does not know what he is saying.' Lui et moi nous sommes amis, 'He and I are friends.' C'est lui, It is he.' Ce sont eux, 'It is they.'

NOTE. The pupil should notice carefully the forms C'est moi 'it is I,' c'est toi 'it is thou,' c'est lui 'it is he,' c'est elle it is she,' c'est nous 'it is we,' c'est vous 'it is

you," ce sont eux, ce sont elles 'it is they,' the verb being in the plural with the plural pronouns of the third person.

REMARK.- In emphatic sentences the conjunctive pronoun is sometimes omitted; the disjunctive is then used as the subject. Ex.: Lui, ne sait pas ce qu'il dit, 'As for him, he does not know what he is saying.'

3. When a noun and a pronoun are the subject of a verb; Charles et lui iront à la campagne, Charles and he will go to the country.'

4. When the pronoun is the subject or object of a verb that is not expressed. Qui va là? moi, Who is there? I.' Il est plus agile que moi, 'He is more active than I.' Qui 'As for you (thou), which of us do

de nous préfères-tu? Toi,

you (dost thou) prefer? I prefer you.'

5. When it is separated from the verb by qualificatives or by an incidental clause. Ex.: Lui si bon et si juste, ne voudrait pas vous faire du mal, He, so kind and so just, would not do you any harm.' Moi, qui vous ai vu naître, ne voudrais pas me séparer de vous, I, who saw you born, would not separate from you.'

REMARK. After the affirmative form of the imperative moi and toi are used either as direct or indirect object. Ex.: Parlez-moi, 'Speak to me.' Aide-toi, le ciel.t'aidera, Help yourself, and heaven will help you '; but in the negative form, Ne me dites rien, 'Don't tell me anything.' Ne me cachez rien, 'Don't conceal anything from me.'

PLACE OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

1. As Subjects.

The place is, generally speaking, the same as in English, before the verb; but it is placed in French after the verb : 1. In interrogative sentences (see interrogative conjugations).