enemy is another thing; the conditions are altered, and the rule that treaties generally are abrogated at the outbreak of war is based on good reason. It has therefore been the common practice to make express provision in treaties of peace for the renewal or confirmation of such treaties existing before the war as the parties may agree to continue. In the absence of express provision it is of course still open to the parties to agree to the continuance in any other way, by diplomatic negotiation or by acquiescence. But in default of agreement, the general rule comes into force and treaties are held abrogated by war. It will be observed that a large number of treaties discussed in this book fall within the class of executed contracts to which States other than belligerents are parties. But economic treaties between the belligerents are at an end, in default of provision to the contrary, and that gives to the opposing States the power of adjusting their trade relations in accordance with the altered conditions which will prevail after the war. H. ERLE RICHARDS. NOTE It is our pleasant duty to acknowledge the courtesy of the Foreign Office in affording us facilities for carrying out this work; and also to thank Godfrey Hertslet, Esq., of the Foreign Office for allowing us to use some of his father's material. We desire, also, to acknowledge gratefully the action of H.M. Stationery Office in waiving the Government Copyright in respect of certain documents in Hertslet's Map of Europe by Treaty. For permission to use the material of the map of France in the last century from An Historical Atlas of Modern Europe (Oxford University Press) we are indebted to Messrs. C. Grant Robertson and J. G. Bartholomew. Finally, our gratitude is due to Professor Sir H. Erle Richards for suggestions and help given to us at every stage. A. H. O. R. B. M. March, 1918. iii V. TURKEY AND THE Powers of EUROPE Texts: The Treaty of Paris (1856)—The Straits Convention (1856)—The Declaration of Paris (1856) 176 XI. TURKEY, RUSSIA, AND THE BALKAN STATES Texts: The Treaty of London (1871)—The Treaty of Berlin (1878)—The Treaty of London (1913)— The Treaty of Bucharest (1913). XII. THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE PAGE 312 367 372 Texts: The Treaty of Vienna (1879)—The Triple Parliamentary authority Signature article - Permanent treaties — Terminable treaties — Interpretation Extradition treaties. Tariff treaties USAGE has not prescribed any necessary form of international contract.1 Treaties, Conventions, Agreements, Declarations, &c., are all assumed to have the same binding force, and their observance or repudiation are matters of conscience (or the want of it) on the part of the contracting parties, provided always that there are no considerations such as force majeure to prevent their fulfilment. In order to conclude or negotiate the more formal of these instruments, that is to say, Treaties and in many instances Conventions or Agreements, it is the practice to provide the negotiator with a full power from his sovereign, or in the case of a republic from the head of the state, investing him with the necessary powers for accomplishing his mission. Full powers, in the practice of Great Britain, are of two kinds, called, respectively, general and special full powers. An ambassador, for instance, appointed to reside at a foreign court, may be provided with a general full power covering 1 Hall's International Law, 4th ed., p. 343, § 109. 2 Treaties, and some Conventions, are concluded in the names of the Sovereigns of the respective countries. Other Conventions, and as a rule Agreements and Declarations, are concluded in the name of the respective 'Governments'. To this extent they are of a less formal nature. B |