The Navajo Sound SystemSpringer Science & Business Media, 31 mai 2003 - 212 pages The Navajo language is spoken by the Navajo people who live in the Navajo Nation, located in Arizona and New Mexico in the southwestern United States. The Navajo language belongs to the Southern, or Apachean, branch of the Athabaskan language family. Athabaskan languages are closely related by their shared morphological structure; these languages have a productive and extensive inflectional morphology. The Northern Athabaskan languages are primarily spoken by people indigenous to the sub-artic stretches of North America. Related Apachean languages are the Athabaskan languages of the Southwest: Chiricahua, Jicarilla, White Mountain and Mescalero Apache. While many other languages, like English, have benefited from decades of research on their sound and speech systems, instrumental analyses of indigenous languages are relatively rare. There is a great deal ofwork to do before a chapter on the acoustics of Navajo comparable to the standard acoustic description of English can be produced. The kind of detailed phonetic description required, for instance, to synthesize natural sounding speech, or to provide a background for clinical studies in a language is well beyond the scope of a single study, but it is necessary to begin this greater work with a fundamental description of the sounds and supra-segmental structure of the language. Inkeeping with this, the goal of this project is to provide a baseline description of the phonetic structure of Navajo, as it is spoken on the Navajo reservation today, to provide a foundation for further work on the language. |
Table des matières
Introduction | 1 |
11 The Navajo Inventory | 2 |
12 Vowels | 5 |
13 Phonotactics and Phonemes | 7 |
14 The Young and Morgan Grammers | 9 |
15 The Conventions Used in the Book | 10 |
16 Methods and Data Sets | 11 |
17 Outline of the Book | 13 |
434 Codas in the Stem and Conjunct Domains | 98 |
435 Disjunct Domain Durations | 101 |
44 Vowel Length by Domain | 103 |
45 Stress in the Verb | 106 |
46 Overview of Duration Factors and the Navajo Verb | 108 |
Spectral Analyses | 111 |
51 Navajo Vowels | 112 |
512 Data and Methods | 114 |
Morphology | 17 |
21 Athabaskan Word Structure | 18 |
22 The Position Class Template | 20 |
23 The Athabaskan Verb | 23 |
24 The Disjunct Domain | 26 |
251 Base and Extended Paradigms as the Head of Aux | 27 |
252 Other Conjunct Morphemes | 29 |
262 The Classifiers | 30 |
27 Athabaskan Terminology | 32 |
272 The Peg Elements and the Aux Base | 34 |
273 The Verb Theme and Verb Base | 35 |
28 Summary | 37 |
Phonology | 41 |
31 Phonotactics | 42 |
32 Syllable Structure | 45 |
322 Stem Alternations | 47 |
33 Consonant Harmony | 49 |
331 Harmony in the Aux Domain | 50 |
34 Fricative and Glide Reflexes | 53 |
35 Conjunct Alternations | 58 |
352 The Qualifier Alternations | 59 |
36 Boundary Effects | 60 |
362 Morphophonemic DAux Boundary Alternations | 62 |
37 Metathesis of J | 64 |
38 Conclusion | 65 |
Duration and Timing | 67 |
41 Domain Durations | 68 |
42 Duration Patterns in the Stems | 72 |
422 Duration Measurements in Nouns | 75 |
423 The Stem Stops | 79 |
424 The Augmentative | 86 |
425 Verb Stem | 87 |
43 Conjunct and Disjunct Durations | 92 |
432 Conjunct Nasals | 95 |
433 Conjunct Glides | 97 |
513 Vowel Space in Stems | 115 |
514 Nasal Stem Vowels | 120 |
516 The Default Vowel and the Noun Prefixes | 123 |
517 Vowel Coarticulation | 125 |
518 Summary of Vowel Data | 127 |
52 The Fricative Contrasts | 128 |
521 Methods | 129 |
the Voicing Contrast | 137 |
53 The Back Fricative | 143 |
531 The Syllablefinal H | 145 |
532 The Acoustic Patterns of the Back Fricatives | 147 |
533 The Aspirated Plain Stops tx and kx | 155 |
534 Aspiration in Affricatives | 156 |
54 Summary of Fricatives | 159 |
How to use Young and Morgans The Navajo Language | 163 |
62 The Grammar | 165 |
621 The Verb | 167 |
622 Epenthetic Elements | 169 |
623 Verb Themes | 170 |
624 The Verb Prefixes | 171 |
625 Aspectual Grammar Neuter Verbs and Time | 173 |
631 The Model Paradigms | 174 |
633 The Model Paradigms of the Verb | 176 |
634 The Classificatory Verbs | 180 |
64 The Dictionary | 183 |
641 Explaining the Paradigms in the Dictionary | 185 |
65 Summary | 188 |
Conclusion 70 The Navajo Sound System | 191 |
Navajo Wordlists | 193 |
Wordlist 2 Tone Contrasts | 196 |
Wordlist 3 Prestem Complex | 197 |
Bibliography | 199 |
207 | |
Autres éditions - Tout afficher
Expressions et termes fréquents
affricates alternations alveolar alveolo-palatal Appendix aspect aspirated Athabaskan languages back fricatives Base Paradigms Chapter classifier closure coda complex conjugation conjunct domain consonant harmony constraints context coronal stop d-effect dataset default vowel Diné College discussion disjunct domain distinct duration ejective epenthesis female speaker following vowel formants forms front vowel glide glottal grammar high front vowel inflected intervocalic lateral fricative long vowels McDonough Median Model Paradigms morphemes morphological nasal Navajo Language Note noun null morphemes øimp/1s patterns phonemic phonological phonotactic place of articulation plain stops position class postpositional prefix vowels reflex s-perfective segments short vowels sounds spectrograms Standard Deviation stem domain stem onset stem vowels stem-initial stop consonants strident fricatives structure syllable Table template tokens unaspirated velar fricative verb stem verb theme verb word VII/VIII vocal fold voiced voiceless vowel quality vowel space word formation word lists y)ish Young and Morgan