SAINFOIN-ST BEES. The obstacles that interfere with the correctness that word, will similarly be found under the other part of the mariner's calculations are chiefly those which of the name). SAINT AMAND, a town of France, in the dep. of Nord, 8 miles north-west of Valenciennes. The town contains hot sulphur-springs; flax of a superior quality is cultivated; and lace, clay-pipes, and porcelain are manufactured. Pop. 10,210. affect his data, the course and distance, the more SAINT AMAND, a town of France, in the dep. of important being the magnetic deviation of the Cher, stands on the right bank of the river of that compass produced by the attraction of the ship, name, 27 miles south-south-east of Bourges. It carerrors in the estimated leeway or in the set and ries on a trade in iron, and contains important irondrift of currents, &c.; all of which require to be works. Pop. 8607. taken into account. The necessity for frequently checking the Dead-reckoning (q. v.), by means of astronomical observations, is sufficiently apparent. SAINFOIN, or SAINTFOIN (Onobrychis sativa), a plant of the natural order Leguminosa, suborder Papilionacea, of a genus nearly allied to Hedysarum (see FRENCH HONEYSUCKLE), but having one-seeded pods, which are marked with wrinkles or pits, and are more or less prickly-toothed at the margin. It is a spreading perennial, about 2 or 3 feet high, with leaves of 9-15 smooth acute leaflets, and spikes of Saintfoin (Hedysarum onobrychis). SAINT ANTHONY'S FIRE. See ANTHONY, SAINT. ST ARNAUD. See LEROY. on the east coast of Florida, U.S., is built on SAINT AUGUSTINE, an ancient Spanish town the western shore of an estuary 2 miles from the Atlantic, 160 miles south of Savannah. It enjoys a mild and equable climate, and is a resort for consumptive invalids. It was founded in 1565, and is the oldest town in the United States. Pop. (1870), 1717. SAINT AU'STELL, a small town of Cornwall, 13 miles north-east of Truro by railway. Woollen goods are manufactured, and at the bay of Saint Austell, from which the town is about a mile distant, there is a pilchard-fishery, and tin and copper are exported. Pop. (1861) 3825. ST BEES, an ancient village of Cumberland, pleasantly situated on the bay formed by St Bees Head. It is 4 miles south of Whitehaven, and about 10 miles beyond the limits of the Lake district. St Bees is a station on the Whitehaven and Furness Junction Railway. The parish is very large, comprising town and port of Whitehaven, village of St Bees, and several chapelries and townships. The village of St Bees contains about 1000 inhabitants. According to tradition, preserved by the early chroniclers, St Bees originated in a nunnery founded here, 650 A. D., by an Irish saint named Bega, of whom Sandford's MS. (in the Dean and Chapter Library, Carlisle) records a very pretty legend. It appears to beautiful flesh-coloured flowers, striated with rose- whose time we find that Ranulph Earl of Cumberhave been destroyed before the reign of Henry I., in red, on long stalks. It is a native of the continent land reconstituted it as a priory; but after the of Europe and of the south of England, and is much dissolution of the monasteries, it went to ruin. The cultivated as a fodder-plant in dry, and particularly institution known as ST BEES COLLEGE was estabin calcareous soils, to which it is admirably adapted. lished in 1816 by Dr Law, then Bishop of Chester, Its cultivation was introduced into England in 1651; to supply a systematic training in divinity to young and before the introduction of turnip-husbandry, men desirous of ordination, whose means the sheep-farmers of the chalk districts depended inadequate to defray the expenses of a university almost entirely upon it, as they still do to such a education. The bishops of the province of York degree, that in many leases there is a stipulation had previously been compelled to ordain a number for the tenant's leaving a certain extent of land in of such men as literates, the poverty of many of sainfoin. It is, however, a very local crop, being the northern benefices not securing a sufficient scarcely cultivated on any but the most calcareous supply of graduates. A portion of the ruined soils, where nothing else is nearly equal to it, priory of St Bees was fitted up by the Earl of Lonsdale although it has been found to succeed well on as lecture-rooms, library, &c. On the recommenany soil sufficiently dry. There is no more nutri- dation of the bishop, an incumbent was selected for tious fodder than S., whether for sheep, oxen, or the perpetual curacy of St Bees (value, £100 per horses. Even the dry stems of a crop which annum) by the patron, the Earl of Lonsdale, with has produced seed are readily consumed by cattle, a view to his holding the position of Principal of if cut into small pieces. S. sometimes endures the College in connection with the living. The for 10, or even 15 years on the same land-more following persons have held this office-viz., Rev. generally only for 4 to 7 years; and in the eastern counties of England it is often sown instead of clover on light and somewhat calcareous sands and sandy loams, and the ground is ploughed again in two or three years.-The name S. is perhaps rather Sang-foin, from the blood-colour of the flowers, than Saint-foin (Holy Hay). SAINT AʼLBANS. See ALBANS, SAINT. (Other names beginning with Saint, and not given under were W. Ainger, D.D., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, appointed 1816; Rev. R. P. Buddicom, M.A., Fellow of Queen's College, Cambridge, appointed 1840; Rev. R. Parkinson, D.D., Canon of Manchester, appointed 1846; Rev. G. H. Ainger, D.D., Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge, ap. pointed 1858. The Principal selects his own staff of lecturers. The expenses are defrayed from the fees paid by the students-£10 each term. The College SAINT CATHERINE'S-SAINT JOSEPH. course extends over two years, each divided into two terms, from about January 28 to May 5, and August 25 to December 5. During this period, the standard English divinity works, with the Greek Testament, are chiefly studied, and the composition of sermons, &c., practised. The students reside in lodgings in the village, under the control of the Principal, and attend the service daily in the parish church, the transepts of which were restored in 1855 for their accommodation. A new lecture room and library were built in 1863, adjoining the ancient structure. Students are admitted at the age of 21, on producing testimonials of character, &c., satisfactory to the Principal. Graduates of a university where there is no divinity course, are admitted to the second year's course on producing their diploma, along with the usual testimonials as to their fitness for the ministry. Students who have passed the course are not now confined to the northern province, as was the original design, but are admitted into most of the southern dioceses. The average number of students on the boards is about 80, and the total number ordained, up to 1864, is about 1500. The College Calendar is published by Messrs Rivington, London. SAINT CATHERINE'S, a thriving town of Canada West, stands at the mouth of the Welland Canal, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, 34 miles south-south-east of Toronto. The canal supplies unlimited water-power, and the town contains a number of excellent mills. Iron-wares, cloth and pottery, are manufactured, and ship-building and a Hourishing general trade are carried on. Pop. (1861) about 7000. SAINT CROIX, an American river, called also the Passamaquoddy, which, flowing out of Grand Lake, on the eastern border of Maine, runs east Bouth-east 75 miles to Passamaquoddy Bay, and forms a portion of the boundary between the United States and New Brunswick. SAINT DOMI'NGO. See HAYTI. SAINT DOMINGO BARK. See CARIBBEE BARK. SAINTE-MARIE-AUX-MINES, a manufacturing town of Alsace, in what was formerly the French dep. of Haut-Rhin, 14 miles north-west of Colmar. In former times, it owed its prosperity to the silver mines in the vicinity; these, however, are now exhausted. Dyeing, yarn-spinning, manufactures of cotton, paper, and cherry-brandy are now the principal branches of industry. Pop. 12,332. in harbour, on a flagstaff at the stern; in boats, the SAINT-GERMAIN-EN-LAYE, an France, in the dep. of Seine-et-Oise, on elevation on the left bank of the Seine, 14 miles by railway west-north-west of Paris. It contains three handsome squares, a parish church, with a monument erected by George IV. over the remains of James II., several learned and other societies, and some factories. Pop. 15,708. S.-G. had its origin in a monastery built by King Robert in the beginning of the 11th c., on the summit of the hill which was surrounded by the forest of Lyda (Laye), and dedicated to St Germain. The town, as well as the royal château, which was built either during the reign of King Robert, or soon after, was sacked by the English in 1346, in 1419, and in 1438. At S.-G. the marriage of Francis L was celebrated, and this king rebuilt the château in 1547. From before the time of Philippe-Auguste, S. G. had been the residence of the French court during a portion of the year, but Louis XIV. transferred the court to Versailles, and from this time the fortunes of S.-G. declined. Later, the château of S.-G. was assigned by Louis XIV. as the residence of the dethroned James II. of England, and here in exile that monarch held his morose court, devoting almost the whole day to religious observances. The château is now used as barracks and for other purposes. The Forest of S.-G. |comprises 10,873 English acres. SAINT HELENS, a flourishing town of Lancashire, on a small affluent of the Mersey, 3 miles north-east of Prescot by railway. It is a stragg ling, ill-built, but thriving town, with an extensive trade in coal, and containing piate-glass, copper, bottle, and other works. The town also contains potteries, breweries, tan-yards, iron and brass foundries, and chemical works. Pop. (1861) 18,396. SAINT HE'LIERS, capital of Jersey (q. v.), the chief of the Channel Islands, is situated on the south shore of the island, and on the east side of St Aubin Bay, lat. 49° 11' N., long. 2° 6' W. It is defended by Elizabeth Castle, on a rocky island off the shore, approached by a causeway at low water; and by Fort Regent, on the south-east side of the town, built about 1806, on a scarped granite rock, at an enormous expense. The harbour is large, and the SAINTES, an old town of France, in the dep. of times of the tide. pier commodious, but steamers cannot enter at all Charente-Inférieure, on the left bank of the Charente, 40 feet. Victoria College-a handsome edifice, built At spring tides, the water rises 43 miles south-east of La Rochelle. In ancient on an eminence, in 1851-the hospital, the theatre, times, this town, under the name of Mediolanum, was and the churches, are the chief buildings. The area the capital of the Santones, from whom the subse- of the town has rapidly increased within recent years. quent province derived the name of Saintonge. It An active trade is carried on with England, France, contains interesting Roman remains, as a triumphal and India. Pop. 30,000, including a garrison of uparch, and the ruins of an amphitheatre, circus, &c. wards of 500 men. Pop. 10,962. SAINT GEORGE'S ENSIGN is the distinguishing flag of the British navy. It consists of a red cross on a white field, with a union-jack in the dexter chief corner, as shewn in fig. 2 of the article FLAG. Under FLAG OFFICER, it is implied that an admiral, vice-admiral, or rear-admiral may have his flag red, white, or blue, according to the squadron to which he belongs. By a regulation of 1864, this old custom was altered; the squadrons are abolished, and the white Saint George's ensign is the badge of all ships in the navy. The red and blue ensigns are now left to government vessels not being ships of war and merchant vessels respectively. The ensign is borne at the peak, or, 424 SAINT IGNA'TIUS' BEAN. See NUX VOMICA and STRYCHNOS. SAINT-JEAN-D'ANGÉLY, a small town of France, dep. of Charente-Inférieure, 15 miles northnorth-east of Saintes. Pop. 6392. SAINT JOHN'S BREAD. See CAROB. SAINT JOHN'S WORT. See HYPERICUM. SAINT JOSEPH, a city of Missouri, U. S., on the left bank of the Missouri River, on the eastern border of Kansas, 496 miles by water from St Louis. It is connected by railway with Hannibal, on the Mississippi, and is the chief dépôt for the emigrant and supply trains to the western settlements. It has a court-house, ten churches, a SAINT JUST-SAINT MALO. convent, several large hotels, eight newspapers, three of which are dailies, steam-mills, and factories, and a large trade with the interior of the continent. Pop. (1870) 19,565. SAINT JUST, LOUIS ANTOINE DE, a notable figure in the first French Revolution, was born at Decize, in Nivernais, 25th August 1767, educated at Soissons by the Oratorians, and afterwards went to Rheims to study law, but soon returned to his native village, where he devoted himself exclusively to literature. When the revolution broke out, S. J. on the right bank of the river Vire, 55 miles by 9810. was transported with enthusiasm, and became one of its most ardent apostles. Probably no man in France was a more genuine fanatical believer in the brilliant delusions of the period. Spotless, even austere, in his morals, reserved in manner but eloquent in SAINT LOUIS, a port of entry of Missouri, speech, and rigorously earnest in his convictions, he U.S., the chief city and commercial metropolis of rapidly rose into consideration among the inhabit- the central Mississippi valley, stands on the right ants of his native commune, who elected him bank of the Mississippi, 18 miles below its conlieutenant-colonel of the National Guard, sent to fluence with the Missouri, and 174 miles above the Paris in 1790 to assist at the Fête of the Federation. mouth of the Ohio. It is regularly built upon the In 1791, appeared his Esprit de la Revolution et de limestone bank of the river, ou two terraces, rising la Constitution de la France, in which the various 20 and 40 feet above high water, with wide and causes of the revolution are sketched in a calm, well-built streets running parallel to the river, keen, precise sort of way; and in the following year crossed by others at right angles. The principal he was chosen deputy to the convention by the elec-structures are a city hall, court house, custom tors of Aisne. S. J. entered Paris on the 18th of house, arsenal, merchants' exchange, mercantile September, fifteen days after the frightful massacres, library, city hospital, marine hospital, university, which Lamartine in his Histoire des Girondins with cathedral, and several of the largest hotels in the melodramatic inaccuracy represents him as ordering world. There are 76 churches, of which 19 are in conjunction with Robespierre! He voted for the Roman Catholic; 3 general hospitals, 10 orphan, death of the king, and in an oration full of stern and numerous other asylums, and 7 convents; but exaggerated republican sentiment, gave his the St Louis University, under charge of the 'reasons.' It was this speech that made him famous Society of Jesus, with 18 professors; the Washingand influential. The Girondins tried to win him ton University, Academy of Sciences, German Instiover, but in vain. In all the fierce debates of tute, normal and high schools, 53 periodical publithis period, S. J. took a leading part; but he also cations, 11 daily papers, 9 German papers, an opera displayed a great capacity for administrative house, and 5 theatres. Several city railways have organisation, and on the 11th of February 1793, replaced the omnibusses, and the water supply is carried his project for the formation of a committee pumped from the Mississippi. Among the manufacto superintend the war. After the fall of the tories are flour and lumber mills, sugar refineries, Girondins in June (S. J. took no part in their over- lard and linseed-oil factories, provision packingthrow, and never once spoke during the disastrous houses, manufactories of hemp, whisky, tobacco, and struggle between the two sections), the civil war vast iron foundries and machine shops, which probroke out, and it is from this point that we date the duced in 1866 goods valued at $87,000,000. S. L. exhibition of that intense and merciless republicanism has a vast trade by steam-boats to the whole Miswhich fitted him so well to be the associate of Robes-sissippi valley, 80,000 tons being owned there, and pierre. It is commonly thought that S. J.-perhaps extensive railway connections. It is also the chief because he was so young-was merely an instru- centre of the American fur trade, and seat of a ment in the hands of Robespierre; but the known vast traffic in agricultural products. There are 7 facts of his career lead to a very different conclu- banks, and 24 insurance companies. In 1764, S. L. sion, and some writers have not scrupled to make was the dépôt of the Louisiana Indian trading S. J. the real head of the extreme party who company; in 1768, it was captured by a detachexercised government in France during the Reign ment of Spanish troops; in 1804, was ceded with of Terror. Almost all the energetic, or, as some the whole country west of the Mississippi to the would prefer to say, sanguinary, measures drawn United States; the first brick house was erected in up to repress the royalists and timid republicans 1813; in 1820, its population was 4590; in 1860, at home, and to repel the forces of the allied 160,773; in 1870, 310,864. monarchs on the frontier, were devised by him. On the 19th of February he was elected president of the convention. He drew up the terrible report which led to the arrestment and execution of SAINT LUCIE BARK. See CARIBBEE Bark, in the dep. of Ille-et-Vilaine, at the mouth of SAINT MALO, a fortified seaport of France, the river Rance. It stands on a small island Hebert, Danton, and their adherents. S. J. had no less than three miles in circumference, called scruples in cutting off his opponents. The intensity Le Rocher d' Aaron, which lies close off-shore, and of his convictions rendered him indifferent to deeds is connected with it by a causeway, 650 feet of cruelty, however appalling. When the political reaction set in, and the party of moderation had long, called Le Sillon. The island is completely got the upper hand in the convention, Robespierre and ill-ventilated, and the houses are built to the covered by the town; the streets are narrow, filthy, and S. J. were seized and imprisoned (27th July The harbour is 1794), and ordered to be guillotined next day. S. J. height of five and six stories. suffered with sullen calmness-not a word escaping is thickly set with rocks and shallows. It is perspacious and secure, but its entrance is narrow, and his lips. See Ern. Hamel's Histoire de Saint Just fectly dry at ebb-tide, but the flood-tide rises here (Par. 1859). from 45 to 50 feet. Numerous strong forts, both on SAINT LO, an old town of France, capital of the mainland and on the small islands that stud the the dep. of Manche, built on a rocky elevation roads, protect the harbour and town. A floating SAINT MICHAEL'S-SAINT PAUL basin has been constructed recently, -the work of a and an almost impregnable fortress, were afterwards number of years. Ship-building is the principal founded by the Normans. After the Revolution branch of industry. On the island of Grand-Bé, the main building was changed into a prison. The a short distance from the ramparts, is the tomb castle was being restored in 1864. of the poet Chateaubriand (q. v.). Many vessels SAINT NAZAIRE, a thriving seaport of France, are employed in the mackerel, cod, and whale- in the dep. of Loire-Inférieure, at the mouth of the fisheries, and active commerce is carried on. S. M. Loire, on the north bank of that river, and 38 miles communicates with Rennes (the capital of the de- west of Nantes, with which it is connected by partment) by a railway opened in 1864. Population railway. Almost unknown till within recent years, 10,886. it is now one of the most important ports on the SAINT MICHAEL'S, the largest and most west coast of France. In 1851, it contained 2391, important of the Azores (q. v.), and, with the excep- in 1861, 6500, and in 1865, it is stated to contain tion of St Mary's, the most eastern island in the 15,000 inhabitants. In addition to the old basin, group. Area, 224 sq. m., or 143,000 acres; pop. the French government has constructed another about 81,000. The island is mountainous, and for the accommodation of the large Transatlantic rises in its highest summit to 3560 feet. Of the steamers which leave this port for the Antilles, whole acreage, 40,000 acres are arable, and about Cuba, and Mexico. One cause of the rapid rise 5000 acres are pretty equally divided between of this port is, that the navigation of the Loire orange gardens and vineyards. In 1863, the is becoming year by year more difficult, owing to total value of the exports, the larger portion of the sand brought down by the river; so that the which goes to Great Britain, was £136,397; and chief shipowners of Nantes prefer to leave their the total value of the imports, of which more than vessels at S. N., and have the cargoes transported a third consisted of general merchandise from inland by railway. Great Britain, amounted to £145,770. of oranges, which form the staple article of the commerce of this island, was a large one in 1863; 189,686 boxes, representing a value of £67,141, were exported, and all to Great Britain. Ponta Delgada (pop. upwards of 20,000) and Ribeira Grande (pop. about 12,000) are the principal towns. The crop SAINT NEOT'S, a small market town in the county of Huntingdon, 8 miles south-south-west of the town of that name, occupies low ground on the banks of the Ouse, by which it is sometimes partially inundated. Its parish church, with a tower 156 feet high, is a remarkably beautiful building. Pop. (1861) 3090. SAINT MICHAEL'S MOUNT, a conical and SAINT NICHOLAS, a flourishing manufacturisolated rock in Mount's Bay, Cornwall, 3 miles east ing and market town of Belgium, in East Flanders, of Penzance. It communicates with the shore by a 20 miles east-north-east of Ghent, on the Ghent and causeway 400 yards long, which, however, is covered Antwerp Railway. It stands in the midst of the with water 8 hours out of the 12. The Mount is 195 Pays de Waes, a densely peopled and productive feet high, is about one mile in circumference, and agricultural district, and is said to be the seat of is crowned by an old and picturesque castle-now the largest flax-market in the world. The market used as a manorial residence-surmounted by a is held in the great square of the town, one of the tower, on one angle of which there is a projecting largest in Belgium, but which, however, is too small stone lantern, popularly called St Michael's Chair. At to accommodate comfortably the immense numbers the base of the Mount is a fishing village, of about who crowd hither on market-days. S. N. is a manu80 houses. This hill is to the geologist one of the facturing town of the first class; and among the most curious of localities, and, indeed, it is said articles Targely manufactured are cotton, woollen to have 'excited more geological controversy than and silk stuffs, carpets, hats, lace, tobacco, and any mountain of the world.' At a very early period, pipes. There are print-fields, dyeworks, and tanS. M. M. was the seat of a religious house, and neries, and a flourishing trade is carried on in the apparition of St Michael is said to have appeared shawls, linens, and other manufactured goods, as on one of its craggy heights. At the Conquest, the well as in flax, corn, hops, &c. Pop. 23,388. monastery of St Michael was annexed to the abbey of St Michael in Normandy. It long remained in the possession of the monks, and afterwards became the residence of several families in turn, until it was sold in 1660 to its present proprietors, the St Aubyns. times. SAINT OMER, a town of France, and fortress of the third rank, in the department of Pas-deCalais, on the Aa, 26 miles south-east of Calais by railway. It is surrounded by irregular but wellappointed fortifications, is well built amid marshes, and contains numerous fountains and more than one SAINT MICHEL, MONT, an extraordinary important ecclesiastical edifice. Woollen cloths, rock in Cancale Bay, in the north-west of France, blankets, pottery, and clay pipes are manufactured, 7 miles south-west of Avranches. It is a solitary and there is considerable general trade. Pop. 22,011. cone of granite, 5 miles in circumference at the base, college for the education of English and Irish and rising to the height of 400 feet. It rises sheer Catholics was opened at S. O. during the penal out of a level expanse of sand, and though its elevation is not great, its perfectly flat environment tion, and the community was afterwards transferred It was closed, however, during the Revoluand its pointed crest render it a most striking to England. feature in the landscape. It is crowned by a church and castle, under which are conventual buildings, with their lofty turrets and high walls, and lower down still are the houses of the small town, SAINT PAUL, a city, port of entry, and capital which seem to adhere to the steep rock like limpets. of Minnesota, U. S., is on the east bank of the MisA good road leads from the shore to the wide sands sissippi River, 2080 miles from its mouth, and 9 which surround the mount, and which are covered miles below the Falls of St Anthony; lat. 44° 52′ 46′′ with water at every tide, except at neap-tides. At N., lon. 93° 5' W. It is built upon a plain 80 feet low-water there is a dry and firm track, about a above the river, and 800 feet above the Gulf of mile in length, across the sands; but on both sides Mexico. Hills near the city abound with springs of it are dangerous quicksands. In the 8th c. an of excellent water. S. P. is at the head of naviabbey which replaced an ancient temple of Jupiter gation for the large steamboats of the Lower Miswas founded on the summit of the rock. A church, sissippi and its branches, and the centre of a large 426 SAINT PAʼNCRAS, one of the northern suburbs of London (q. v.). SAINT PAUL DE LOANDA-SAINT PETERSBURG. and growing trade in flour, lumber, furs, &c. It has and further north the densely-peopled Aptekarskoi a state-house, cathedral, college, 14 churches, as many Island, and the Kammennoi, and other islands, hotels, a daily newspaper, and educational and chari- which are for the most part studded with woodtable institutions. In 1846, there were 10 white in- embosomed villas, and laid out in charming gardens. habitants. Pop. in 1860, 10,331; in 1870, 20,030. SAINT PAUL DE LOA'NDA, a considerable seaport on the south-west coast of Africa, the principal Portuguese settlement in Lower Guinea, stands at the mouth of the river Bengo, in lat. about 8° 54' S. It is the largest and most important European settlement on this coast, and contains 12,000 inhabitants, of whom 830 are white, 2400 mixed, and 9000 black. The climate is comparatively healthy, the harbour is beautiful, and protected by one large and two small forts. The houses are good, the streets unpaved, and there are three churches and three market-places. Abundance of fruit and vegetables, bullocks, and goats are obtainable in the markets. Ivory and bees-wax are the principal exports. SAINT PETERSBURG, a maritime government of Russia, one of the Baltic Provinces, between Lake Ladoga on the north-east and Lake Peipus on the south-west. Area, 17,260 sq. m.; pop. 1,174,174. The soil is damp and thin, and woods and marshes cover two-thirds of the level surface. In the vicinity of the capital, much ground is laid out in market-gardens. The usual crops are grown, but the quantity of corn produced is greatly less than the quantity consumed. The chief town is the capital, Saint Petersburg (q. v.). Considering the river on the north as the chord, might be drawn with a radius of 24 miles, would and the Admiralty as the centre, the semicircle that pretty nearly describe what is called the Great Side of Saint Petersburg. This section of the city is divided into three or four portions by the Moika, St Catharina, Fontanka, and New Canals; and it is intersected by three spacious streets, which radiate east-south-east, south-east, and south from the great centre, the Admiralty. The streets are named respectively the Nevski Prospekt (Neva Perspective), Gorokhovaia Oulitza (Peas Street), Vosnosenskoi Prospekt (Resurrection Perspective). Extensive suburbs also are rising on the eastern bank of the Neva, seven miles above its mouth. Streets, Squares, Monuments, Bridges, Churches, &c. -The street architecture of S. P., unlike that of Moscow, with its pale-yellow walls and red and green roofs, is almost destitute of colour. Here the rigid, military aspect of the streets, with the houses drawn up in long regular lines of gray, or massed together in blocks like the squares of battalions, is one of the first features of the Russian capital that impress themselves upon a traveller. Except in the more fashionable quarters, the greater number of the houses are built of wood; but owing to the liability of such houses to catch fire, building in this material is very much discouraged. S. P. contains 500 streets, and among these, lanes and alleys are unknown, as, while the finest streets have a breadth of 120 feet, the narrowest are 42 feet broad. The Nevski Prospekt is the most splendid street in S. P.; and for architectural grandeur, as well as for natural beauty, for proportions, and for variety, is considered the finest street in Europe. It is 130 feet broad, and about 4 miles long, is planted on both sides with trees, contains a large number of the most beautiful palaces, of highly ornamented churches, and splendid warehouses, and increases in breadth and magnificence as it advances from the Admiralty. For the first mile, it does not contain more than about 50 mansions, each of which, however, is of colossal magnitude. The houses are built of brick faced with stucco, are three and four stories high, and are in many cases furnished with ornamental porches, colonnades, gilded balconies, and parapets that gird the flat roofs. About ten of the other streets of the city are distinguished for their grandeur, though none of them equals the Nevski Prospekt. There are 64 squares in the city, and of these the Admiralty Square is one of the most The climate, severe in winter, is as pleasant and famous. It contains one mass of buildings, premild as that of Scotland in summer. The mean senting to the Neva a fine façade, nearly half a temperature in summer is 62°; in winter, 14° F. The extremes of temperature are 99° and -51. Fourteen arms of the Neva, irrespective of the smaller branches, ramify through S. P., and there are seven canals. SAINT PETERSBURG, the capital of the Russian empire, and of the government of the same name, stands upon, and around the lower branches of, the Neva, and on the shores of the eastern extremity of the Gulf of Finland, 16 miles east of Cronstadt, its port. Lat. 59 56' N., long. 30° 19' E. The Great Neva, the most southern branch of the Neva, divides the city into two great sections-the Petersburg Side on the north, and the Great Side on the south. The former is built on the islands which are formed by the delta of the Neva, the chief of which are the Vassili Ostrov, the Citadel Island, and the islands Aptekarskoi, Kammennoi, Petrovskoi, Krestovskoi, and Elaghinskoi. The Great Side, south of the Great Neva, is compactly built, and contains the residences of the court and of the nobility, and more than half the population. The city covers an area of 42 sq. m., stands 56 feet above the level of the sea, upon plains which were formerly malarious marshes, but are now for the most part drained and laid out in meadows and gardens. Pop. 667,026. General View of Saint Petersburg.—Approaching the city from Cronstadt (q. v.), the port and fortress of the Russian capital, the first indications of the great city are the gilded dome of the church of St Izak, and the lofty spire of the Admiralty, which are seen rising apparently from the water's edge. The Admiralty Square, faces the English Quay on the south bank of the Great Neva, and may be considered the centre of the city. From the spire, with its numerous galleries, the whole plan of the city can be clearly seen. Right opposite it is the populous Vassili Ostrov, on the south shore of which are the Bourse, Academy of Sciences, Corps of Cadets, &c. To the north is the Citadel Island, mile in length, while its sides are 650 feet long. In the Palace Square, adjoining the Admiralty, stands Alexander's Column, an immense monolith, erected in 1834. It consists of a shaft of red granite, standing on a pedestal of the same material, and supporting a capital, above which rises the figure of an angel and a cross. The length of the shaft is 80 feet, and that of the whole column 150 feet. Peter's Square contains the noble and well-known equestrian statue of Peter the Great, 18 feet high, and erected 1768-1782. The Field of Mars, with an area large enough to allow of 40,000 men being put through military evolu tions, contains the colossal bronze statue of the famous Suwaroff.-Bridges. Of the 150 bridges that unite the islands, cross the canals, and span the Neva, the Annitchkoff Bridge, leading across the Fontanka Canal, consists of five arches, is 110 feet long, and is decorated with four spirited groups, in |