Advanced Oil Crop BiorefineriesAbbas Kazmi Royal Society of Chemistry, 15 nov. 2011 - 336 pages In Europe, the main oil-rich crops are sunflower, rapeseed and olive which are grown primarily for food. This book discusses how to convert this whole crop into energy (fuels, power and heat), food and bioproducts (chemicals and/or materials), whilst making optimal use of the by-products generated during farming/harvesting, primary processing (oil extraction and refining) and secondary processing (transesterification). The resulting processes are more economically competitive and the business margin for oil and biodiesel manufacturers is improved. Previously, oil crops have been the main point of focus but many of the technologies used are applicable to a wide variety of raw materials. For example, cellulose from rapeseed straw can be converted to levulinic acid but the same technology could be applied to cellulose from wheat straw or wood. Significant effort is now being devoted to '2nd generation' raw materials such as ligno-cellulose which avoid direct competition with food sources. This volume integrates these developments with existing plant oil supply chains and combines biochemical and thermochemical processes to form integrated biorefinery schemes. Two unique features of the book are the information on LCA of biorefinery schemes and the surveys showing where traditional industries could be affected by new biorefinery developments. Energy and cost calculations for the key biorefinery processes and are also included revealing that some are surprisingly profitable and could offer significant global benefits. Other topics covered include: novel farming and harvesting methods, efficient extraction of plant oils, producing biodiesel without glycerol, extraction of high value chemicals from agricultural by-products, anaerobic digestion potential of agricultural by-products, use of proteins to yield amino acids, economics and life cycle analysis, stakeholder surveys, and policy scenarios. The book is of interest to academics working in relevant areas of chemistry, biology, materials, engineering, economics and policy studies. Those working in the EU farming industry will also find it relevant to their business. |
Table des matières
CHAPTER 1 Introduction | 1 |
CHAPTER 2 Farming and Harvesting | 48 |
CHAPTER 3 Primary Processing | 102 |
CHAPTER 4 Secondary Processing of Plant Oils | 166 |
CHAPTER 5 Assessment of Economic and Environmental Costbenefits of Developed Biorefinery Schemes | 203 |
CHAPTER 6 Modelling Stakeholders Interplay and Policy Scenarios for Biorefinery Implementation | 280 |
311 | |
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Expressions et termes fréquents
amino acids anaerobic digestion analysis applications biodiesel production biofuels biogas biomass biorefinery biorefinery schemes by-products capacity carbon catalyst cellulose Chem chemical Chemistry cold pressing composition conversion crude glycerol cultivars dehulling digestate dry matter economic Effect of methanol efficiency electricity emissions energy environmental enzymatic enzymes esters Europe European fatty acids feedstock fertiliser Figure flowrate fraction fuel glucose glycerol Green Green Chem Green Chemistry heat hexane hulls hydrolysis improve increase industrial kg/h levulinic acid lignin lignocellulosic liquid meal methanol feed methanol recovery niche obtained oil content oil crops oil extraction oilseed rape olive oil optimisation optimum parameters plant possible potential pre-treatment profits protein purified glycerol rapeseed oil raw material reaction reactor recycle reduce residues seed yield simulated solvent soybean succinic acid Sunfl sunflower seed supercritical CO2 extraction syngas Table Technol temperature transesterification valorisation vegetable oils waste waxes