the 3d German edition, 7 vols., Boston, 1895-1900 Harnack, Littera-A. Harnack, Geschichte der altchristlichen Litteratur bis Eusebius, 2 vols. in 3, Leipsic, 1893-1904 tur..... Hauck, KD Hauck-Herzog, RE... Heb.. Hebr. Hefele,Concilien geschichte... { A. Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutsch- Epistle to the Hebrews C. J. von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, con- Heimbucher, Or- (M. Heimbucher, Die Orden und Kongregationen der katholischen Kirche, 2d ed. 3 vols., Paderborn, 1907 den und Kon-gregationen. Helyot, Ordres monastiques... (P. Helyot, Histoire des ordres monastiques, religieux et militaires, 8 vols., Paris, 1714-19; new ed., 1839-42 Henderson, Doc- ( E. F. Henderson, Select Historical Docu uments ments of the Middle Ages, London, 1892 .History, histoire, historia " Historia ecclesiastica, ecclesia, Church History" Homilia, homiliai," homily, homilies " Hist.. Hist, eccl. Hom. Hos.. Hosea A Standard Bible Dictionary, ed. M. W. Jacobus, E. E. Nourse, and A. C. Zenos, New York and London, 1909 P. Jaffé, Bibliotheca rerum Germanicarum, 6 vols., Berlin, 1864-73 P. Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum ad annum 1198, Berlin, 1851; 2d ed., Leipsic, 1881-88 Journal of the American Oriental Society, New Haven, 1849 sqq. Journal of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, first appeared as Journal of the Society of Biblical Literature and Exegesis, Middletown, 1882-88, then Boston, 1890 sqq. The Jewish Encyclopedia, 12 vols., New York, 1901-06 The combined narrative of the Jahvist (Yahwist) and Elohist Jeremiah Flavius Josephus, " Jews" Antiquities of the Josephus, Apion . Flavius Josephus, "Against Apion " Josephus, Life...Life of Flavius Josephus Josephus, War... Flavius Josephus, The Jewish Quarterly Review, London, MPL.. tores. nova col SR. C. Mann, Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages, London, 1902 sqq. G. D. Mansi, Sanctorum conciliorum collectio nova, 31 vols., Florence and Venice, 1728 Matthew Monumenta Germania historica, ed. G. H. Pertz and others, Hanover and Berlin, 1826 sqq. The following abbreviations are used for the sections and subsections of this work: Ant., Antiquitates," Antiquities"; Auct. ant., Auc tores antiquissimi, Oldest Writers "; Lesser Chron. min., Chronica minora, Chronicles"; Dip., Diplomata, "Diplomas, Documents"; Epist., Epistolæ, Letters "; Gest. pont. Rom., Gesta pontificum Romanorum, Deeds of the Popes of Rome "; Leg., Leges, "Laws"; Lib. de lite, Libelli de lite inter regnum et sacerdotium sæculorum xi, et rii. conscripti, Books concerning the Strife between the Civil and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries "; Nec., Necrologia Germaniæ, Necrology of Germany "; Poet. Lat. ævi Car.. Poeta Latini avi Carolini, 'Latin Poets of the Caroline Time ": Poet. Lat. med. ævi, Poeta Latini medii ævi, Latin Poets of the Middle Ages": Script., Scriptores, Writers"; Script. rer. Germ., Scriptores rerum Germanicarum, Writers on German Subjects "; Script. rer. Langob., Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, "Writers on Lombard and Italian Subjects"; Script. rer. Merov., Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, Writers on Merovingian Subjects" Micah H. H. Milman, History of Latin Christianity, Including that of the Popes to Nicholas V., 8 vols., London, 1860-61 C. Mirbt, Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums und des römischen Katholicismus, Tübingen, 1901 J. P. Migne, Patrologia cursus completus, series Græca, 162 vols., Paris, 1857-66 J. P. Migne, Patrologia cursus completus, series Latina, 221 vols., Paris, 1844-64 Manuscript, Manuscripts L. A. Muratori, Rerum Italicarum scriptores, 28 vols., 1723-51 Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für ältere deutsche Geschichtskunde, Hanover, 1876 sqq. .Nahum no date of publication Neander, Chris-A. Neander, General History of the Chris The Jewish War" Josh JPT . Joshua Jahrbücher für protestantische Theologie, Leipsic, 1875 sqq. ΝΑ JRAS.. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1834 sqq. n.d. Neh tian Church.. tian Religion and Church, index, Boston, 1872-81 Nehemiah vols., and Niceron, Mé- (R. P. Niceron, Mémoires pour servir à moires.. l'histoire des hommes illustrés.... 43 vols., Paris, 1729-45 Nielsen, Papacy. Nippold, Papacy. NKZ (F. K. Nielsen, History of the Papacy in JF. Nippold, The Papacy in the Nineteenth Neue kirchliche Zeitschrift, Leipsic, 1890 Nowack, Archa-W. Nowack, Lehrbuch der hebräischen ologie... Archäologie, 2 vols., Freiburg, 1894 .no place of publication n.p. PSBA. q.v., qq.v.. Weg-A. Potthast, Bibliotheca historica medii avi. Wegweiser durch die Geschichtswerke, Berlin, 1896 .Proverbs Psalms Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archeology, London, 1880 sqq. quod (qua) vide, which see von Ranke, History of the Popes, 3 vols., London, 1906 Revue des deux mondes, Paris, 1831 sqq. See Hauck-Herzog E. Reich, Select Documents Illustrating Mediaval and Modern History, London, 1905 Revue des études juives, Paris, 1880 sqq. F. W. Rettberg, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, 2 vols., Göttingen, 1846-48 Book of Revelation Revue de l'histoire des religions, Paris, 1880 sqq. E. C. Richardson, Alphabetical Subject Inder and Inder Encyclopaedia to Periodical Articles on Religion, 1890-99, New York, 1907 A. L. Richter, Lehrbuch des katholischen und evangelischen Kirchenrechts, 8th ed. by W. Kahl, Leipsic, 1886 Robinson, Re-(E. searches, and Later Researches.... Robinson, Euro J. pean History.. Robinson and J. in Robinson, Biblical Researches Palestine, Boston, 1841, and Later Biblical Researches in Palestine, 3d ed. of the whole, 3 vols., 1867 H. Robinson, Readings in European History, 2 vols., Boston, 1904-06 H. Robinson, and C. A. Beard, Development of Modern Europe, 2 vols., Boston, 1907 Epistle to the Romans Revue de théologie et de philosophie, Lausanne, 1873 Revised Version (of the English Bible) sæculum," century" I Samuel II Samuel F. Max Müller and others, The Sacred Books of the East, Oxford, 1879 sqq., vol. xlviii., 1904 Sacred Books of the Old Testament (" Rainbow Bible"), Leipsic, London, and Baltimore, 1894 sqq. Schaff, Christian P. Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Church.. vols. i.-iv., vi., vii., New York, 1882-92, vol. v., 2 parts, by D. S. Schaff, 1907-10 Schaff, Creeds...P. Schaff, The Creeds of Christendom, 3 vols., New York, 1877-84 T. Zahn, Einleitung in das Neue Testament, 3d ed., Leipsic, 1907; Eng. transl., Introduction to the New Testament, 3 vols., Edinburgh, 1909 T. Zahn, Geschichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons, 2 vols., Leipsic, 1888-92 Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft, Giessen, 1881 sqq. Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum und deutsche Literatur, Berlin, 1876 sqq. Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Leipsic, 1847 sqq. Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie, Halle, 1869 sqq. Zeitschrift des deutschen Palästina-Vereins, Leipsic, 1878 sqq. E. Schrader, Cuneiform Inscriptions and the Old Testament, 2 vols., London, 1885-88 Zech. Zeph. ZHT. Schrader, KB... E. Schrader, Die Keilinschriften und das Alte Testament, 2 vols., Berlin, 1902-03 E. Schrader, Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek, 6 vols., Berlin, 1889-1901 (E. Schürer, Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, 4th ed., 3 vols., Leipsic, 1902 sqq.; Eng. transl., 5 vols., New York, 1891 Hamburg, and Gotha, 1832-75 Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte, Gotha, 1876 sqq. Zeitschrift für Kirchenrecht, Berlin, Tübingen, Freiburg, 1861 sqq. Zeitschrift für katholische Theologie, Innsbruck, 1877 sqq. Zeitschrift für kirchliche Wissenschaft und kirchliches Leben, Leipsic, 1880-89 Zeitschrift für Protestantismus und Kirche, Erlangen, 1838-76 Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie, Jena, 1858-60, Halle, 1861-67, Leipsic, 1868 sqq. The vowels are transcribed by a, e, i, o, u, without attempt to indicate quantity or quality. Arabic and other Semitic languages are transliterated according to the same system as Hebrew. written with Roman characters, the common equivalents being used. KEY TO PRONUNCIATION Greek is When the pronunciation is self-evident the titles are not respelled; when by mere division and accentuation it can be shown sufficiently clearly the titles have been divided into syllables, and the accented syllables indicated. [ In accented syllables only; in unaccented syllables it approximates the sound of e in over. The letter n, with a dot beneath it, indicates the sound of n as in ink. Nasal n (as in French words) is rendered n. 2 In German and French names û approximates the sound of u in dune. THE NEW SCHAFF-HERZOG ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGIOUS KNOWLEDGE PETRI, LARS, and OLAV (OLAUS). See SWEDEN. PETRI, LUDWIG ADOLF: German Lutheran; b. at Lüethorst (a village of Hanover) Nov. 16, 1803; d. at Hanover Jan. 8, 1873. He was educated at the University of Göttingen (1824-27) and, after being a private tutor for some time, became, in 1829, "collaborator" at the Kreuzkirche in Hanover, where he was assistant pastor from 1837 until 1851, and senior pastor from 1851 until his death. During the years 1830-37 his convictions gradually changed from rationalistic to orthodox. His power as a preacher was especially shown by his Licht des Lebens (Hanover, 1858) and Salz der Erde (1864). For the improvement of the liturgy of his communion he wrote Bedürfnisse und Wünsche der protestantischen Kirche im Vaterland (Hanover, 1832); and still more important service was rendered by his edition of the Agende der hannoverschen Kirchenordnungen (1852). In behalf of religious instruction he wrote his Lehrbuch der Religion für die oberen Klassen protestantischer Schulen (Hanover, 1839; 9th ed., 1888), and later collaborated on the ill-fated new catechism of 1862. He likewise conducted for many years the theological courses in the seminary for preachers at Hanover, and in 1837 founded in the same city an association for theological candidates, over which he presided until 1848. In 1845-47 he edited, together with Eduard Niemann, the periodical Segen der evangelischen Kirche, and in 1848-55 was editor of the Zeitblatt für die Angelegenheiten der lutherischen Kirche. In 1842 he founded an annual conference of the Hanoverian Lutheran clergy; and in 1853, together with General Superintendent Steinmetz and August Friedrich Otto Münchmeyer (q.v.), he established the well-known "Lutheran Poor-box (see GOTTESKASTEN, LUTHERISCHER). At the same time, Petri was firmly opposed to any amalgamation of the Lutheran and Reformed Churches, and was thus led to assume an unfavorable position even toward the Inner Mission (q.v.). In 1834 he helped to found the Hanoverian missionary society, of which he was first secretary and then president, while he materially aided the cause of foreign missions by his Die Mission und die Kirche (Hanover, 1841). His opposition to all movements in favor of a union of Lutherans and Reformed found renewed expression in his Beleuchtung der Göttinger Denkschrift zur Wahrung der evangelischen Lehrfreiheit (Hanover, 1854), an attack on the unionistic sympathies of the theological faculty of Göttingen. After this, Petri withdrew more and more from public life; and the only noteworthy work which he subsequently wrote was Der Glaube in kurzen Betrachtungen (4th ed., Hanover, 1875). BIBLIOGRAPHY: E. Petri, L. A. Petri, ein Lebensbild, 2 vols., Hanover, 1888-96; J. Freytag, Zu Petris Gedächtnis, ib. 1873. PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS: English Egyptologist; b. in London June 3, 1853. He was educated privately, and in 1875-80 was engaged in surveying early British remains. Since 1880 he has carried on excavations of the utmost importance in Egypt, while since 1892 he has been professor of Egyptology in University College, London, and also in London University since 1907. In 1894 he founded the Egyptian Research Account (q.v.), which became the British School of Archeology in Egypt in 1905, of which he is honorary director; he is likewise on the committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund and the Royal Anthropological Institute. Among his works special mention may be made of the following: Stonehenge (London, 1880); Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh (1883); Tanis (2 parts, 1885-87); Naukratis (1886); A Season in Egypt (1888); Racial Portraits (1888); Historical Scarabs (1889); Hawara, Biahmu, and Arsinoe (1889); Kahun, Gurob, and Hawara (1890); Illahun, Kahun, and Gurob (1891); Tell el Hesy (1891); Medum (1892); Ten Years' Digging in Egypt (1893); Student's History of Egypt (3 parts, 1894-1905); Tell el Amarna (1895); Egyptian Tales (1895); Decorative Art in Egypt (1895); Naqada and Ballas (1896); Koptos (1896); Six Temples at Thebes (1897); Deshasheh (1897); Religion and Conscience in Egypt (1898); Syria and Egypt (2 vols., 1898); Dendereh (1900); Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty (1900); Diospolis Parva (1901); Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties (1901); Abydos (2 parts, 1902-03); Ehnasya (1904); Methods and Aims in Archeology (1904); Researches in Sinai (1906); Hyksos and Israelite Cities (1906); Religion of Ancient Egypt (1906); Janus in Modern Life (1907); The Arts and Crafts of Ancient Egypt (1909); and Personal Religion in Egypt before Christianity (1910). Pezel PETRIKAU, pe"tri-kau', SYNODS OF: Four Polish synods held at Petrikau (75 m. s.w. of Warsaw), Russian Poland, in 1551, 1555, 1562, and 1565. The Reformation early found welcome in Poland, especially in Posen and Cracow; and the first Protestant teachers were exclusively Lutheran. Calvinism was introduced during the reign of Sigismund August II. (1548–72), who stood in close relations to Calvin, and at the same time the Bohemian Brethren expelled from their own country took refuge in large numbers in Great Poland, especially in Posen. At the Synod of Kozminek in 1555 they united with the Calvinists, though the Roman Catholics, under the leadership of Stanislaus Hosius, bishop of Culm and Ermeland, did all in their power to obstruct the extension of the Protestant movement. At the first Synod of Petrikau in 1551, a Roman Catholic confession of faith was drawn up, expressly intended to answer the principles of the Augsburg Confession, and severe measures were taken against converts to the new teachings. The king and the nobility, however, strongly favored the Protestant party, and the former added his voice to the demand made by the second Synod of Petrikau (1555) that a national council be convened to settle the religious controversies. Sigismund also sent representatives to the pope, requiring the administration of the chalice, the celebration of mass in the vernacular, the abolition of clerical celibacy, and the abandonment of annates. The pope, however, refused to accede to these demands, and sent a nuncio, Bishop Lipomani of Verona, to Poland to repress the Protestant movement. He entirely failed, but the success of the Polish reformers was rendered impossible by their own divisions, as became clear at the third synod, held at Petrikau in 1562. There were constant difficulties between the Lutheran and Reformed parties, and the situation was made still more complicated by the appearance of a Polish antitrinitarian movement. All attempts to secure harmony failed, and the antitrinitarians were formally excluded from fellowship with Protestants at the fourth synod of Petrikau, held in 1565, though neither this nor a royal command banishing all Italian antitrinitarians (1654) was carried out. In the same year, at a diet convened at Petrikau, the antitrinitarian leaders secured the holding of a disputation with their opponents, though the Lutherans held aloof, and only the Reformed and the Bohemian Brethren accepted. At this disputation Gregor Pauli, a Cracow preacher and the leader of the antitrinitarians, alleged the impossibility of reconciling the Catholic creeds concerning the Persons of the Trinity with the teaching of the Scriptures; while the trinitarians insisted on the historic agreement between the Scriptures and the teaching of the whole Church. After fourteen days of debate the two parties were farther apart than The antitrinitarian representatives, moreover, disagreed among themselves, some denying the preexistence of Christ and the personality of the Holy Spirit, others accepting the preexistence of Christ and the reality of the Holy Spirit, and yet others assuming three Persons in the Trinity, ever. but ascribing different values to them. The final outcome of the matter was the exclusion of the antitrinitarians from the Reformed Church, so that henceforth they constituted a separate communion. (DAVID ERDMANN†.) BIBLIOGRAPHY: Besides the literature under POLAND, CHRISTIANITY IN, and the works of Dalton and Kruske named under LASCO, JOHANNES A, consult: A. Regenvolscius (A. Wengierski), Systema historico-chronologicum ecclesiarum Slavonicarum, pp. 180 sqq., Utrecht, 1652; S. Lubenski, Historia reformationis Polonica, pp. 144 sqq.. 201 sqq., Freistadt, 1685; E. Borgius, Aus Posens und Polens kirchlicher Vergangenheit, pp. 14 sqq., Berlin, 1898; and G. Krause, Die Reformation und Gegenreformation in Polen, Posen, 1901. PETROBRUSSIANS. See PETER OF BRUYS. PETRUS MONGUS. See MONOPHYSITES, §§ 5 sqq. PEUCER, poi'tser, CASPAR: Leader of the crypto-Calvinists (see PHILIPPISTS) in the electorate of Saxony; b. at Bautzen (31 m. e.n.e. of Dresden) Jan. 6, 1525; d. at Dessau (67 m. s.w. of Berlin) Sept. 2, 1602. He was educated at the University of Wittenberg, which he entered in 1540, and where he became professor of mathematics in 1554 and of medicine in 1560. Throughout the life of Melanchthon, whose son-in-law he was, he was his friend, counselor, physician, and companion, while after the Reformer's death he edited his collected works (Wittenberg, 1562-64), two books of his Epistola (1570), the third and fourth volumes of his Selecta declamationes (Strasburg, 1557-58), etc. He likewise completed Melanchthon's revision of the Chronicon Carionis, which had extended only to Charlemagne, by two books bringing it down to the Leipsic disputation (2 parts, Wittenberg, 1562–65); while among his independent writings mention may be made of his De dimensione terræ (Wittenberg, 1550) and De præcipuis divinationum generibus (1553). Peucer was a favorite at the Dresden court, where he was appointed physician in 1570, though still retaining his Wittenberg professorship. At his instance Melanchthon's Corpus doctrine was officially introduced in 1564, thus marking the rise of Philippism; and vacancies in the university were filled with strict followers of Melanchthon. In 1571 he collaborated in a school abridgment of the Corpus doctrina which sharply denied Luther's teaching of Ubiquity (q.v.), and with the death of Paul Eber (q.v.) in 1569 approximation to Calvinism became still easier. At the same time, the strict Lutheran party continued to have much influence at court because their side was taken by the elector's wife, a Danish princess. Considerations of foreign policy, however, finally induced the elector to dismiss his favorite physician, especially as he was accused, though wrongly, of having a part in a Calvinistic exposition of the faith, Exegesis perspicua, published by Joachim Cureus in 1574. Peucer's correspondence was searched, and evidence was found which was construed as expressing his intention to try to introduce the Calvinistic theory of the Lord's Supper into the Saxon Church. He acknowledged his fault when tried before the Saxon diet at Torgau, and was directed to restrict his interest to medicine. But the Elector August was |