with verbs, as subject, direct object, or indirect object,* 01 the verb. They are: (1.) THE PRONOUNS USED AS SUBJECTS AND AS OBJECTS. (2.) PRONOUNS USED AS OBJECTS ONLY. Se (s'), himself, herself, itself, themselves, one's self (direct or indirect object). En, some or any, of it, of them (indirect object). Y, to it, to them (indirect object). Le (l'), it, so (invariable). 8. REMARKS AND EXAMPLES. The objective pronouns are placed before the verb, except when the verb is in the imperative mode. Je connais. Je vous connais. Je ne vous connais pas. Je lui parle. Je ne lui parle pas. I know or I do know. I know you. I do not know you. I speak, I do speak. I speak to him. I do not speak to him. * See Introduction. pp. 17, 18. When the verb is in the imperative mode, and used affiraatively, the objective pronouns stand after the verb. Parlez-lui. Speak to him. But when the sentence is negative, the pronouns precede the verb. Ne lui parlez pas. Do not speak to him. Vocabulary 11. Je parle, I speak; I do speak; I Je connais, I know; I do know. am speaking. Il connaît, he knows. Il parle, he speaks; he does speak; Je vois; il voit, I see; he sees. he is speaking. Je donne, I give. П appelle, he calls. Un camarade, a comrade; un ca marade de classe, a class-mate Un dictionnaire, a dictionary. Une fleur, a flower. Une pêche, a peach. Les ciseaux, the scissors. A présent, at present. Exercise 11. (In this Exercise, the pronouns representing the indirect objects are in italic.) 3. Je vous 1. Je vous connais. 2. Je vous appelle. donne ces fleurs. 4. Il me connaît. 5. Il me parle. 6. Je te vois. 7. Je t'appelle. 8. Je te prête ce livre. 9. Il nous voit. 10. Il nous appelle. 11. Il nous apporte des pêches. 12. Je vois votre camarade de classe. 13. Je le connais bien. 14. Je lui ai prêté un livre. 15. Je connais votre voisine. 16. Je la vois tous les jours. 18. Je connais ces hommes. ce matin. 17. Je lui ai parlé 19. Je les connais bien. 20. Je leur ai vendu un cheval, 21. Avez-vous mon 27 dictionnaire. 22. Je l'ai eu. 23. Je ne l'ai pas à présent. 24. Charles l'a. 25. Il ne l'a pas. 26. Nous l'avons. Où sont mes ciseaux; les avez-vous? 28. Je ne les ai pas. 29. Vos camarades les ont. 30. Nous ne les avons pas. 31. Qui les a? Theme 11. 2. I do not speak to you. 3. He sees 5. I see thee. 6. I 8. He speaks to us. 10. I often* see him. 11. I have 1. I know you. me. 4. He has given me these peaches give thee these flowers. 7. He calls us. 9. I know your class-mate. lent him my dictionary. 12. I know your cousin Mary. 13. I see her every day. 14. I often* lend her books. 15. I have had your pencil. 16. I have given it to your brother. 17. He has it. 18. He has it not now. 19. Julia has had your scissors. scissors. 20. I have them not now. 21. Louisa has them. 22. She has them not. 23. Have you them? 24. We have them not. 25. The children have them. TWELFTH LESSON. CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS. (CONTINUED.)-SE; EN; Y; LE. 1. Se is the reflective pronount of the third person, singu lar and plural, either as direct, or indirect, object of the verb: himself, herself, itself, themselves, one's self, or to himself, etc. The reflective pronouns of the first and second persons *Place the adverb after the verb. + Reflective pronouns are so called because they receive the reflective action of the verb, as I see myself. They are a subdivision of the personal pronouns. are, in form, the same as the objective pronouns given in 2. En, SOME or ANY; OF IT; OF THEM (indirect object). The pronoun en expresses a part or quantity of the substance represented by the noun to which it refers: some or any of it, of them; of it, of them. It is used: (1.) To represent a noun taken in the partitive or the indefinite sense, as: J'ai du papier; en avez-vous ? J'en ai encore. Je n'en ai plus. J'ai des amis; vous en avez aussi. I have paper; have you some? I still have some. I have friends; you have some too. (2.) To represent a noun taken in a definite sense, as: П parle de cette affaire; il en He speaks of that business; he parle. speaks of it. REM. In this latter sense, en is seldom used with reference to persons, de lui, d'elle, d'eux, d'elles being used instead. 8. Y, TO IT; TO THEM (indirect object). The pronoun y expresses the relation of the preposition à (to): to it, to them. Pensez-vous à cette affaire? Do you think of (to) that business? I think of it (in French to it). EN AND Y AS ADVERBS. En and y are also used as adverbs, with reference to a place that has been previously mentioned: en, from it, from there; y, there, to it, at it, in it. The invariable pronoun le, equivalent to it or so, is used to represent an adjective or a sentence. |