of Lower Bengal attributes its origin, stood originally on the Ganges, 65 miles NW. of Lucknow. At present the site consists of a vast number of ruins, extending over the area of five villages, i ■<■.;•. 4 miles from the Ganges, the river having slightly altered its bed. The most remarkable building* are Mohammedan mausoleums. Its most prosperous era was the 6th century ; early in the 11 th it fell before the sultans of Ghazni. Among the ruins there is a modern town of (1881) 16,646 inhabitants.

kalian li.l 4 oiirt-llou><-. the former name of ( harleston, W. Va. See also Great Kanawha.

Kanazawa. a town of Japan, on the west coast of the main island, NW. from Tokyo, manufactures porcelain and silk. Pop. (1887) 96,639.

kanrhinjaiiga. See Kinchinjinoa.

Kandahar, or Candahar, the capital of central or southern Afghanistan, situated about 200 miles to the SW. of Kabul. It stands in 32" 37' N. lat. and 66' '20' E. long., 3484 feet above the level of the sea. It is in the form of an oblong square, while all its streets run straight, and cut one another at right angles. At the point of intersection of the two main streets there is a large dome iCh/irtu), SO yards in diameter. Pop. variously estimated from 25,000 to 100,000. Kandahar is well watered by two canals drawn from a neighbouring river, which send to almost every street its own adequate supply; and the same means of irrigation have covered the immediate vicinity with gardens and orchards. Kandahar is a place of treat commerce, trading with Bombay, Herat, llokhara, and Samarcand. Among its permanent residents Kandahar has a larger proportion of Afghans, chiefly of the Durani trilie, than any other city of Afghanistan. There are numerous Hindu, Tajik, and Persian merchants. About 2 miles to the northward rises a precipitous rock, crowned by a fortress impregnable to everything but heavy artillery. Here, amid all the disasters of the war in 1839-41, the British maintained their ground under iiawlinson. Kandahar has been a pivot for the history of that part of Asia daring more than 2000 years. It is supposed to have been founded by Alexander the Great, although the name is Persian. A comparative blank of upwards of thirteen centuries in tlie history reaches to the famous Mahmud of Ghami, who wrested the stronghold fnmi the Afghans. From that epoch down to 1747, when the native rule was permanently established, Kandahar, with brief and precarious inter»als of independence, was held by Genghis Khan, Tamerlane, and by various rulers of Tartary, India, and Persia in turn. In the war of 1878-80 the British entered Kandahar unopposed, and they belli the city till 1881, some months after they hail evacuated the rest of Afghanistan (q.v.). Through its lieing approached by the Sibi-Pishin Railway on the south, Kandahar has greatly increased in political as well as in commercial importance.

kandavu. one of the Fiji Islands (q.v.).

kailriy. an inland town of Ceylon, on a lieautiful little lake among the mountains, 74 miles by rail NE. of Colombo. It is 1665 feet above the sea, and has a mean annual temperature of 76' F. Here are ruins of the palace of the former native kings, and a temple in which a reputed tooth of Buddha's is jealously preserved (see CKVLON). Pop. (1881) 22.026. including many Europeans.

Kane. Emsha Kent, an Arctic explorer, was bom in Philadelphia, United States, 3d February 1820, graduated h> medicine at the university of Pennsylvania in 1842, and entered the navy as a •nrgeon, in which capacity he visited China, the East Indies, Arabia, Egypt, and western Europe,

subsequently the west coast of Africa and Mexico ; in this last country he did duty on the coast survey. In May 1850 he commenced his career of Arctic discovery as surgeon, naturalist, and historian to the first GrinneFl expedition. His account of it appeared at New York in 1854, entitled The United States Grinneil Expedition. In the spring of 1853 he again set out, this time as commander of an expedition ; the results of it are fully detailed in his Second Grinneil Expedition in Search of Sir John Franklin (2 vols. Phila, 1856). He died at Havana, where he had gone for his health's sake, on February 16, 1857. See Life by W, Elder (Phila. 1858), and the briefer one by M. Jones (Lond. 1890).

Kane. Sir Robert, a celebrated chemist, was born in Dublin in 1810. He was educated for the medical profession, in 1832 was received as a memlier of the Royal Irish Academy, and in the same year projected the Dublin Journal of Medical Science, which, at Bret confined to chemistry and pharmacy, was afterwards extended to include practical medicine. In 1840 he received the gold medal of the Royal Society of London for his researches into the colouring matter of lichens, and in 1847 the Cunningham Gold Medal of the Royal Irish Academy for his discoveries in chemistry. F'roni 1834 till 1847 Kane was professor of Natural Philosophy to the Royal Dublin Society. In 1846 he originated the Museum of Industry in Ireland, was appointed its first director, and the same year received from the Lord-lieutenant the honour of knighthood. He held for a number of years the office of president of the Queen's College, Cork, which he resigned in 1873, together with the directorship of the museum. In 1876 he was elected president of the Royal Irish Academy, and he died 16th February 1890. His chief books are Elements of Chemistry (1842) and Industrial Hesources of Ireland (1844).

kangaroo (Maeropus), a genus of marsupial quadrupeds, of which there are many species, almost all Australian, although a few are found in New Guinea and neighbouring islands. The genus, as now restricted, contains, according to the most reliable estimate, twenty-three species. The kangaroos are of different sizes ; some of the Wallabies, which

392 KANGAROO APPLE

KANSAS

They are entirely herbivorous—mainly grass feeders —and the two lower incisors, which are elongated, play npon each other like the blades of scissors and crop the grass. The tail is very thick and strong, and the animal uses it as a third leg when moving slowly. The hind-legs are very strong, while the fore-limbs are short. They are very powerful animals, and the hind-limb forms a very effectual weapon for ripping open the bodies of dogs, with the aid of which they are sometimes hunted. They make enormous bounds, and get over the ground very swiftly and gracefully, borne kangaroos can jump a fence 11 feet high; most can jump one of 3 feet. In the districts where they are still numerous, they are formidable consumers of pasture; two kangaroos eat as much grass as three sheep. They are treated as vermin, being hunted, shot, poisoned, or killed by means of extensive l>attues— 'yarding' or 'driving'—when parties of horsemen chase them into enclosures and kill them there, many hundreds at a time. The skin is valuable for leather, both for shoes and gloves. The flesh is good eating, the tail l>eing a delicacy, and producing excellent soup. The great kangaroo was discovered in 1770 on the coast of New South Wales during Cook's first voyage. One of the most remarkable types of kangaroo is the Tree Kangaroo (Detidrolagus), in which the hind-limbs have become proportionately shorter in accordance with its arboreal life. The kangaroos and Wallabies breed freely in the Zoological Gardens at London, and the young, as in all Marsupials (q.v.), are born in a very imperfect condition. They remain within the pouch of the mother, or retreat there in case of danger, long after they have ceased to be nourished by the maternal milk.

Kangaroo Apple, a species of Solanum (q.v.) (S. lacmiatum), with a somewhat shrubby succulent stem, smooth pinnatifid or entire leaves, and lateral racemes of flowers; a native of Peru, New Zealand, Australia, and Tasmania, in which latter countries its fruit is called kangaroo apple, and is used as food. When unripe, it is acrid, and produces a burning sensation in the throat; but when perfectly ripe, it is wholesome.

Kangaroo Grass {Anthittiria australi*), the most esteemed fodder-grass of Australia. It grows to a height much above that of the fodder-grasses of Britain, affords abundant herbage, and is much relished by cattle. The genus is allied to Andropogon, and has clusters of flowers with an involucre. The awns are very long and twisted, both in the kangaroo grass and in a nearly allied species, A. ciliata, which is one of the most esteemed foddergrasses of India.

Kangaroo Island, an island of South Australia, at the mouth of the Gulf of St Vincent (see map at Adelaide), is 87 miles by 34 broad, with a fine climate, poor and sandy soil, and 379 inhabitants—all white.

Kanizsa, the name of two towns in Hungary. (1) Nagy (or Great) Kanizsa, 136 miles by rail SW. of Budapest, has an active trade in agricultural products, and manufactures bricks, beer, and spirits. Pop. 18,473.—(2) Old Kanizsa (-Kanizsa) stands on the Theiss, 15 miles SSW. of Szegedin. It grows corn and tobacco, and rears cattle and sheep. Pop. 13,069.

Kano', capital of a province of the same name, in the Negro state of Sokoto, Central Africa, stands in the middle of the countrv, about 250 miles SSE. of the city of Sokoto. The province, estimated to contain 500,000 inhabitants, lias from its beauty and wealth been called the 'Garden of Central Africa.' The wall which surrounds the town of Kana is 15 miles in circuit; but the wall embraces, besides houses, gardens and cultivated fields. The

industry consists chiefly in the weaving and dyeing of cotton cloths. Pop. of town, about 30,000.

Kansas, the central state of the American Union, and the eighth in area, is bounded N. by Nebraska, E. by Missouri, S. by copyright isn to n Indian Territory, and W. by by i. a. untm*** Colorado. It is about 400 miles co=>j«»7. from east to west, and 200 from north to south, and contains an area of 82,080 sq. m. The surface is for the most part a rolling prairie, rising in the north-west to between 3000 and 4000 feet. Alon? the eastern boundary the average elevation is *ti) feet, and the rise is so gradual as to be imperceptible ; there are no mountains in the state. The bottoms along the larger streams are commonly called valleys, and van' from 1 mile to 5 miles in width; in eastern Kansas they are deeply depressed, and are skirted by bold blufls rising to 300 feet, but in the west the line between valley and upland can hardly be distinguished. Kansas ha* no navigable river except the Missouri, which forms a portion of its eastern boundary. The Kansas or Kaw drains nearly half the state, and the Arkansas drains another large portion ; the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes furnish the water system of south-eastern Kansas. The larger streams, as the Kansas and Arkansas, are rivers of the plains, with light banks and sandy bottoms; but many of the smaller rivers have rock bottoms, and supply abundant water-power. The timber of the state is fount! in a narrow belt along the watercourses, principally in the east.

Kansas has a climate subject to extremes of temperature, but neither excessive cold nor heat prevails for long periods. There is a great proportion of bright, clear weather in all seasons of the year. Wliile a record of 106° F. above zero has been observed, cases of fatal sunstroke are unknown, and men pursue their ordinary outdoor avocations with scarcely an interruption thronghout the year. The mercury rarely falls below zero, and in many seasons the farmers plough during every month of winter. The mean annual rainfall is 37'10 inches ; but in the west the supplyis much more scanty, and in the upper Arkansas valley irrigation by means of ditches has been introduced. The average annual temperature is 53° F.

The minerals of Kansas include lead and zinc in abundance in the south-east; coal of excellent quality, the coalfield occupying all the eastern portion of the state ; lignite in the west; immense beds of rock-salt; and mineral paint, gypsum, good building-stones, brick-clay, and material for hydraulic cement. The output of coal in the rear 1888-89 was 1J million tons, of lead 5000 tons/and of zinc 20,000 tons.

Kansas is an agricultural and pastoral state. The soil throughout is uniformly fertile, but there is a considerable difference in actual productive ness owing to the difference in the rainfall. Th? area under wheat, maize, and oats was 9,481.3>3 acres in 1888, and 10,149,779 acres in 1889. In the latter year the product of winter wheat was 35,030,048 bushels (22'58 to the acre), and of spring wheat 36,219,851 bushels (13*46 per acre.: 6,920,693 acres yielded 276,541,368 bushels of maize. Horticulture has steadily extended, and since 1887 the growing of sorghum cane for sugar has assumed prominence ; in 1889 over l.SUO.UV lb. of sorghum sugar was made. Great quantititrs of prairie hay are cut on the still uncultivated lands. Creameries are numerous, and more and more attention is given to the raising of bloodfd stock. Forestry also has engaged the attenti"a of the farmers, and thousands of acres of planted timber now break the surface of the prairie.

The manufacturing industries are chiefly thost