remains of pile-dwellings, each indicating the site of a relic-bed in the mud of the lake-bottom, existed in proximity to the shores of most of the lakes in Switzerland. Since their first discovery the sites of these ancient settlements have been thoroughly explored and systematically described by Dr Keller, F. Troyon, and others. The relics of this singular phase of early civilisation, which have lieen carefully gathered into the museums of Switzerland, disclose the condition of the industrial arts among the lake-dwellers, as manifested in the successive stages of the stone, bronze, and iron periods of their culture and civilisation. There is nothing known of the origin of the lake-dwelling phase of social life. It has been suggested that a desire for freater security from attack than could be afforded y a cluster of dwellings situated on the mainland first led to the selection of natural islets as the sites of habitations, and when this had become an established custom the transition was easy from the selection of natural islands to the construction of artificial islands where natural sites for habitations isolated by water did not exist. As a matter of fact there are several varieties of artificial lake dwellings of which the sequence is not cerUinlT known. The substructure is usually all thai remains. It has been found in some instance to be a mass of stones, and in others a mass of bro»i wood, built up from the bottom of the lake. TV more common form in Switzerland, however, i* s substructure of piles, driven into the lake-bottom, and the heads brought level to support the platform for the huts. Where the water is deep and uv bottom soft, the piles are driven only for a short distance, and stones accumulated around u»i among them to keep them in position. In son* cases the lower ends of the piles nave been mortise: into a kind of horizontal framework of logs, to gingreater stability to the superstructure. The pileare usually tree-trunks with the bark on, and tfcf platforms were frequently the same, though win* times the trunks were split or roughly hoarded On this platform the huts were erected. Nothis-j usually remains of them, but in some instance* tlx remains of the lower tiers of boarding have hert detected. In all cases in which the form of ti* huts could be determined it has been rectangular But it seems deducible from the curvature of son? pieces of hardened clay, with the marks of interwoven branches upon them, that circular huts of wattles and daub were also constructed. They were doubtless thatched with straw and reeds. There were many huts on one platform, and a narrow gangway was generally carried on piles from the platform to the shore. Sometimes a dugout canoe seems to have been used instead of a gangway, but as they seem often to have had horses, sheep, goats, and cattle on the platform, the gangway would be in such cases a necessary adjunct to a settlement, the piles of which have been occasionally found to indicate a superficial area of 100,000 square feet, and which was therefore practically a village on piles. The number of lakedwellings discovered in the lakes of Switzerland exceeds one hundred and forty. The best known of these are Meilen in the lake of Zurich, Wangen in the lake of Constance, Robenhausen in the small and partially dried-up lake of Pfiiffikon, and Moosseedorf in the small lake of that name, all stations of the stone age; Moringen in the lake of Bienne, Estavayer in the lake of Neuchatel, and Morges in the lake of Geneva, all stations of the bronze age ; and Marin, otherwise known as La Tene, in the north end of the lake of Neuchatel, a station of the iron age. In the settlements of the stone age the cutting implements, such as axes, knives, saws, are made only of stone. As Hint is not abundant in SwiUrr land, the larger implements, such as axes, aregenrr ally made of diorite, serpentine, and other hard attough stones, and sometimes even of nephrite ami jadeite. The smaller implements, such as knife* saws, arrow-points, and spear-heads, are uanallj made of chipped flint, but the axes are cut oat the block by a sawing process, the cuts being made to some depth on opposite sides, and the part*»*par ated by a blow. Miose axes or axe-hammers that were perforated by a hole for the haft were bored h a drill of soft wood worked with sand. The flow axes were, however, for the most part mere w*dj» not perforated for the haft, but fixed in a socket & the end of a short piece of stag's horn, thn«i'which the perforation for the handle was madr. Sometimes the handle itself was perforated, aoi one end of the stag's horn mounting, which cam** the stone axe socketed into its other end. »» mortised into the handle. Bitumen was used a* » cement to fix the stone tools of all kinds in their handles of horn or wood. Arrow-points, notched or barbed, and harpoon-points for spearing fa* were made of bone. The pottery of the stone ace settlements was coarse but plentiful, and tlie conk ing vessels were occasionally of large size. Tfci lake-dwellers of the stone age were agriculturirta cultivating on the adjacent mainland their crops of wheat, barley, millet, and flax, and rearing flocks and herds, the cattle being sometimes stalled upon the platforms. They were hunters and Ushers, and their food seems in consequence to have been both varied and plentiful. Amongst the animals they hunted, and whose remains have been found in the relic-beds underneath the dwellings, are the urus and bison, the elk, the ibex, and chamois, the wild-boar and stag; and they kept the domestic ox, the horse, swine, sheep, goats, and dogs. They stored nuts and dried apples cut in halves; and among the charred remnant* of their food fragments of their cakes of bread have been discovered. To the same charring action of the fire which seems in several cases to have consumed the hnts we owe the preservation of many specimens of their textile fabncs, woven of well-spun flaxen threads, and of their fishing-nets, and mats made of bast or fibre of the lime-tree, and ropes and lines of plaited twigs, or cords of flaxen thread. The pile-dwellings of the bronze age appear to finer in form and much more highly orna- The settlement of Marin in the lake of Nen chatel is the best known of the lake-dwellings of the iron age. As the area occupied by the piles is about 1200 feet long by 250 feet wide, the settlement was undoubtedly a large one. Several caldrons of thin bronze with iron ring-handles attached to the rim were found here: and a number of small articles of bronze were also found, none of which were of bronze-age types. The weapons were all of iron. They consist of short doubleedged swords, the edges straight to within a short distance of the point, and large, broad, and thinbladed spear-heads, sometimes oval or leaf-shaped, but usually with wavy or indented edges. Several of the sword-blades are damascened, after the ancient method of damascening by welding together strips of metal differently prepared, and some have makers' marks. The sheaths are of iron, beaten very thin, and are remarkable both for their elegance of fonn and the peculiar nature of their decoration. This has been sometimes supposed to be Etruscan, but it much more closely resembles the style of ornamentation which is now known in France as Gaulish, and is common to a series of Fig 2. - Ground-plan of Crannog in Drnmaleague Lough. Cve-mounds occurring both in France and Switzer. d. The other articles found at Marin are shield-mountings, fibuhe, buckles, bridle-bits, and hatchets, all of iron, a numlier of rings or bracelets, beads, &c. of coloured glass, playing dice and other small objects of bone, pieces of Roman pottery, and Roman and Gaulish coins. The latest of the coins is of the reign of the Roman Emperor Claudius, 41 to 54 A.D. There is no means of computing the antiquity of the earlier lake-dwellings of Switzerland, but Dr Keller remarks on this point that, ' although the actual determination of the age of the lakedwellings is doubtful, yet we may say with perfect certainty that they are more than 2000 years old, and with a considerable amount of probability that they reach back from 1000 to 2000 years before Christ.' Lake-dwellings have also Wen found on the Italian side of the Alps in the lake of Garda and the Lago Maggiore ; in Savoy in the lakes of Bourget and l'aladru ; in Austria in the bed of a dried-up lake at Laibach, and in several small lakes near Salzburg, and in Bavaria and Pomerania. In Scotland and Ireland, where they are numerous, they are known as Crannogs (q.v.), from the Celtic word crann, 'a tree.' The crannogs, however, are not constructed like the Swiss pile-villages. They are either palisaded refuges on small islets or natural formation, or artilicial islets formed of brushwood, stones, and earth, and steadied and protected by piles driven through and around the mass. The problem presented to the crannog-builders was to construct, in a maximum depth of 10 or 12 feet of water, a solid, compact, and generally circular island, with a radius of 50 feet or thereby, capable of providing a permanent means of refuge and shelter for a considerable number of men and animals. The process is thus described by Dr Munro : ' Over the site chosen a circular raft of tree-trunks laid above branches and brushwood was formed, and above it additional layers of logs, together with stones, gravel, &c, were heaped up till the mass grounded. As this process went on, poles of oak were inserted here and there, the rough logs forming the horizontal layers were pinned together, and at various levels oak-beams mortised into one another were stretched across the substance of the island and joined to the surrounding piles. When a sufficient height above the water-line was attained, a prepared pavement of oak-beams was constructed, and mortised beams were laid over the tops of the encircling piles which bound them firmly together. The margin of the island was also slantingly shaped by an intricate arrangement of beams and stones, constituting a breakwater.' Frequently a wooden gangway stretched to the shore ; in other cases the only means of access was by canoes, hollowed out of oak-tree trunks. Much the same system of construction appears to have been followed in Ireland. The plan (tig. 2, p. 487) of one of two crannogs in Drumaleague Lough, in the county of Leitrim, given on a scale of 1 inch to 20 feet, shows a circle of piles enclosing a space of 60 feet in diameter, with remains of supplementary circles at several points in the interior of the main or outer circle. In the centre is the log-pavement. A, about 35 feet by 25 feet, probably the floor of the log-house, which was the principal building on the craunog. In the centre of this pavement is a hearth-place, P>. covered with Hat stones, still showing traces of tire. On the outside of the pavement is another hearth-place, C, on a bed of stiff clav, while around a large tree-root, D, the top of which has been dressed with a hatchet, and which may have served as a table, were found the refuse of the daily food in the shape of the broken and split bones of deer and swine. The crannogs are generally very much smaller than the Swiss lake-settlements, and from the nature of their construction there is no relic-bed. Those of Ayrshire and Galloway in Scotland have yielded objects dating from the time of the Roman occupation of Scotland to quite recent times. The most characteristic objects recovered from the Irish crannogs belong to the period of the Norse incursions, ranging from the 8th to the 10th and 11th centuries. There have been a few exceptional instances of the discovery of implements of stone and bronze age types in api>arent association with the craunog structures, but so far as is vet known there is no craunog in Scotland or Ireland that can with any degree of certainty be assigned to the age of stone, or to the age of bronze. They seem to belong exclusively to the iron age and the historic period. There are frequent references to the use of crannogs as refuges and strongholds in the early Irish annals, anil in Scottish und Irish historical documents of the 16th and 17th centuries. The first traces found in North America of anything resembling t he lake-dwellings of Europe are at the mouth of Nanman'a Creek, a tributary- of the Delaware. The custom of living in wooden house* erected on piles over the waters of a lake, river, at inlet of the sea is still practised by barbarous tribes, and has been described by many travellers in the Malayan Archipelago, New Guinea, Venezuela, ar»i in central Africa. When Ojeda, Vesrmo-i. and the other discoverers entered the lake of Maraeat "t.i in 1499, they found an Indian village constructs* on piles above the water, and thence called t*. Venezuela (' little Venice '). The dwellings of the Papuans along the coasts and river-banks of New Guinea are built of haml>oo and raised on stakes, and are grouped together. Cameron saw regular villages of pile-dwellings on Lake Mohrya a central Africa, each separate, and accessible only by jealously guarded canoes. See Munro, The Lake-dweUingt of Europe 1189) ; Keller, The Lake-dicellint/g of Svit&rland (trmns. br Lee, 2d ed. 1878); Munro, Ancient Seettiih iair-JimV ingt, or Crantiogt (1882); Wood-Martin, 7"*<- lav dwelling f of Ireland (1886). Lake of the Thousand Islands, an expansion of the St Lawrence (q.v.) extending al««t 40 miles below Lake Ontario. It contains «TM 1500 rocky islets, the largest, Wolfe Island it* sq. m. ; pop. 2383), measuring 21 miles by 7. Lake of the Woods, a large lake of NorU America, studded with numerous wooded islands, in 49° N. lat. and 95° W. long. It is mostly in Ontario, but extends also into Manitolia and Mis nesota. The lake is nearly 100 miles long, ami about 300 in circuit. It is fed by the Kainy River, and drained by the Winnipeg. Lakes (originally prepared from lar, wbenet the name) are pigments or colours formed by precipitating animal or vegetable colouring matter? from their solutions chiefly with almuiua or oxide of tin. Cochineal and madder lakes are the only ones used by artists. The former are prepared witl Cochineal (q. v.) and alumina, and according to their shade of red, or purple red, are known as carmine, crimson lake, scarlet lake, purple lake, and Kloren tine lake. These were formerly much employed fur landscape-work by water-colour painters, and »re still in request for flower-painting, but they bsve not much stability. The madder pigment* of this kind, called rose madder or madder lake and madder carmine, are on the other hand quite permanent, both as water-colours and oil-colours, and are much prized bv artists. There are several yellow lakes made, out they are fugitive, and coo sequently but little used. Paper-stainers and decorators use several pink lakes prepared by saturating a strong decoction of Brazil-wood and other dye-woods with chalk, starch, nnd a little alum. To these such name* a* Venetian, Florence, and Berlin lakes are applied. The two Itest lakes used by decorators are crimson and morone lakes. Lakh. See Lac. LakshlUi, in Hindu Mythology, the name of the consort of the god Vishnu (q.v.), and considered also to Ik; his female or creative energy. Lalande, Joseph Jerome Le-francai* vt, » French astronomer, was lorn at Bourg, llth July 1732. Sent to Paris to qualify for an ad»ocat». he was attracted to astronomy, which he *tudied under I>elisle and Lemonnier. The Utter persuaded the Academy of Paris to send Lalande to Berlin in 1751, to determine the moon's parallax, whilst I.acaille was sent to the <'«.]»• «t G<wd H On his return he was appointed one of the a«tr«oomers-royal. and in 1762 succeeded! Lemonnier in the professorship of Astronomy in the College de France, a post which he held down to his death on 4tli April 1S07. He lectured with gTvnt success and published several astronomical works of * popular kind, as well as works of greater scientific value. In 1795 he was appointed Director of the Paris Observatory. Hi* character was marked by extreme vanity; nevertheless he contributed greatly to the general progress of astronomical science. His principal work is Traitt d'Astronomic (2 vols. 1764: 3d ed. 3 vols. 1792). In 1802 he instituted the Lalande prize for the most notable astronomical book or observation of the year. Lillila-Vistara is the name of one of the most celebrated works of Buddhistic literature. It belongs to the northern Buddhists, but is of unknown origin and antiquity, existing only in a debased Sanskrit version. It contains a narrative of the life and doctrine of the Buddha Sakya-muni, and is considered by the Buddhists as one of their nine chief works, treating of Dharnui, or religious law. Lally-Tollendal, Thomas Arthur, Count De Lally and Baron De Tollendal, a French feneral, was born at Romans, in Dauphine, in anuarv 1702. His father, Sir Gerard Lally, was an Irisli Jacobite refugee, and commander of an Irish regiment in the French service. Lally distinguished himself as a soldier in Flanders, especially at the buttle of Fontenoy; accompanied Prince Charles Edward to Scotland in 1745; and in 1756 was appointed commander-in-chief in the French East Indian settlements. He commenced vigorous hostilities against the British, took many towns, and besieged Madras itself ; but, having sustained a severe defeat, he was compelled to retreat to Pondicherry, which was attacked in March 1760 by land and sea by a greatly superior British force. Lally, however, held out for ten months; then, capitulating on 16th January 1761, he was conveyed as a prisoner of war to England. But, hearing that he had been accused of treachery and cowardice in India, he obtained leave to proceed to France for the vindication of his character. There he was thrown into the Bastille, anil kept two years before his trial took place. The parliament of Paris at last condemned him to death for l>etraying the interests of the king and the Indian Company, and the sentence was executed on 9th May 1766. But his son, supported by the powerful assistance of VoltAire, procured a royal decree on 21st May 1778, declaring the condemnation unjust, and restoring all the forfeited honours. See Malleson's French in India (new ed. 1884), anil Hamont's Fin dun Empire Francois aux Index (1887). That son, Trofhimus Gerard, Marquis De Lally-tollendal, born in Paris, 5th March 1751, was one of those nobles who in the States General of 1789 united with the Third Estate ; but, alarmed at the democratic tendencies of the National Assembly, he afterwards allied himself with the court. He laboured to procure for France a constitution with two chambers and a privileged aristocracy ; and earnestly sought to protect the king, but was himself obliged to flee to England. After the Revolution of 18th Brumaire, he returned to France. Louis XVIII. made him a peer. He died at Paris on 11th March 1830. He was the author of a famous Defence of the French Emigrants (1794), and a Life of Wentworth, Earl of Strafford (2d ed. 1814). Lama. See Llama. Lfimalsin (from the Tibetan bLoma, ' spiritual teacher or lord') is the name of the religion prevailing in Tibet and Mongolia. It is Buddhism corrupted by Sivaism, and liy Shamanism or spiritworship. As ancient Buddhism knows of no wor(hip of God, but merely of an adoration of saints, the latter is also the main feature of Lamaism. The essence of all that is sacred is comprised by this religion under the ' three most precious jewels' —viz. the ' Buddha-jewel,' the 'doctrine-jewel,' and the 'priesthood-jewel.' The first person of this trinity is the Buddha; but he is not the creator, or the origin of the universe; as in Buddhism, he is merely the founder of the doctrine, the highest saint, though endowed with all the qualities of supreme wisdom, power, virtue, and beauty, which raise him beyond the pale of ordinary existence. The second jewel, or the doctrine, is the law or religion—that which is, as it were, the incarnation of the Buddha, his actual existence after he had disappeared in the Nirvana. The third jewel, or the priesthood, is the congregation of the saints, comprising the whole clergy, the incarnate as well as the nonincarnate representatives of the various Buddhistic saints. The latter comprise the five DhyaniBuddhos, or the Buddhos of contemplation, and, besides, all those myriads of Bodhisatvos, Pratyeka-Buddhos, and pious men, who became canonised after their death. Inferior in rank to these saints are the gods and spirits, the former chiefly taken from the Pantheon of the Sivaites. The highest position amongst these is occupied by the four spirit-kings—Inara, the god of the firmament ; Yama, the god of death and the infernal regions ; YamAntaka, or Siva, as the avenger in his most formidable shape; and Vaisravana, or the god of wealth. The worship of these saints and gods consists chiefly in the reciting of prayers and sacred texts, and the intonation of hymns, accompanied by a kind of music which is a chaos of the most nnharmonious and deafening sounds of horns, trumpets, and drums of various descriptions. During this worship, which takes place three times a day, the clergy, summoned by the tolling of a little bell, are seated in two or more rows, according to their rank; and on special holidays the temples and altars are decorated with symbolical figures, while offerings of tea, flour, milk, butter, and others of a similar nature, are made by the worshippers; animal sacrifices or offerings entailing injury to life being forbidden, as in the Buddhistic faith. Lamaism has three great annual festivals. According to Hue, there are rites corresponding to baptism and confirmation; and the principal religious ceremony closely resembles high mass. Lamaism does not allow the interment of the dead. Persons distinguished by rank, learning, or piety, are burned after their death ; but the general mode of disposing of dead bodies in Tiliet, as in Mongolia, is that of exposing them in the open air, to be devoured by birds and beasts of prey. The Lama must lie present at the moment of death, in order to superintend the proper separation of body and soul, to calm the departed spirit, and to enable him to lie reliorn in a happy existence. One of the most interesting features of Lamaism is the organisation of its hierarchy. Its summit is occupied by two Lama i>opes, the one called Dalai-Ionia, i.e. Ocean-priest, or priest as wide as the ocean—the 'Grand Lama,' residing at Potala, near Lhassa—and the other bearing the titles of Tesho-lama, Bogdo-lama, or Pan-chhcn. In theory, both popes have the same rank and authority, in spiritual as well as in temporal matters; but, as the Dalai-lama possesses a much larger territory than the other, lie is in reality much more powerful. Next in rank are the Khiituktns, who may lie compared to the Roman Catholic cardinals and archbishops. The third degree is that of the Khubilghans or Hobilghans. Their number is very great. These three degrees represent the clergy that claims to be the incarnation of the Buddhistic saints. The Dalai-lama and the Pan-chhen were in their former lives the two chief disciples of the great Lamnist reformer, bTsong kha pa, who is reputed to have founded in the 14th century of 490 LAMANTIN the Christian era the present system of the Lama hierarchy. The Khutuktus were in their prior existences other Buddhistic saints of very great renown; and the Khubilghans are those reborn hosts of saintly patrons whom the temples and convents of Lamaism possess in boundless numbers. In order to ascertain the re-incarnation of a departed Lama, various means are relied upon. Sometimes the deceased had, before his death, confidentially mentioned to his friends where and in which family he would reappear, or his will contained intimations to this eftect. In most instances, however, the sacred books and the official astrologers are consulted on the subject; and if the Dalai-lama dies it is the duty of the Panchhen to interpret the traditions and oracles. It is understood that the imperial court at Peking has more to do with the selection than is admitted by the priests. Down to 1880 there had been no fewer than 103 Dalai-lamas. Besides these three classes of the higher clergy Lamaism possesses a lower clergy, which, having no claim to incarnate holiness, recruits its ranks on the principle of merit and theological proficiency. It has four orders : the pupil or novice, who enters the order generally in his seventh or ninth year; the assistant priest; the religious mendicant; and the teacher or abbot. All the members of these orders must make the vow of celibacy, and by far the greatest number of them live in convents, the number of monks, in proportion to the population, being enormous. A Lamaist convent consists of a temple, which forms its centre, and of a number of buildings connected with the temple, and appropriated to the meeting-rooms, the library, refectory, dwellings, and other spiritual and worldly wants of the monks. At the head of the convent is a Khubilghan, or an abbot, the latter being elected by the chapter and appointed by the Dalai-lama, or the provincial Khubilghan. In addition to these orders of monks and convents, Lamaism has likewise its nuns and nunneries. The Lamaist bible bears the name of bKa'gjur (or Kandjur), 'translation of the words,' namely of the Buddha. It contains not less than 1083 works, which in some editions fill 102 to 108 volumes in folio. See the articles Buddhism, Lhassa, Tibet ; also Kbppen, Die Lamaischc Hierarchic und Kirche (1859); Huo, Souvenir! dun Voyage (1852); Ritter's Erdkunde, vol. iv.; Kreitner's Im Fcrnen Olsten (Vienna, 1881); and Rhys-Davids, Buddhism (1880), Buddhist Birth Stories (1880), and his Hibbert Lectures (1881). Lamantin. See Manatee. Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine De Monnet, Chevalier De, a renowned French naturalist and pre-Darwinian evolutionist. Born at Bazentin in Picardy in 1744, he was educated for the church at the Jesuit College of Amiens, which he left at the age of seventeen to join the French army then warring in Germany. Having gained rapid promotion to officer's rank, he was sent in 1763 to the garrisons at Toulon and Monaco, where he became impressed with the Mediterranean flora. Accidental injuries led him to resign his position, and brought him to Paris, where lie was forced to work in a banker's office, while his spare energies were devoted to the study of plants. In 1773, thanks in part to Buffbn, he published a Flore Francaise, in which he applied a new analytical method of classification. As tutor to Button's son, he had the opportunity of visiting Holland, Germany, and Hungary. In 1774 he became a member of the French Academy and Garde de l'Herbier du Jardin du Roi—the nucleus of the famous post-revolutionary Jardin des Plantcs. In one of the twelve chairs associated with this 'Jardin' Lamarck remained for twenty-five years as professor of what we would now call Invertebrate LAMARCK Zoology. In 1801 or earlier he had begun to think actively about the relations and origin of bpecie. expressing his conclusions in 1809 in hi* f&m<«> Philosophic Zoologique. Of his other great work. Histoire des Animanx sans VerUbres, he pubuVb-b seven volumes between 1815 and 1822. Hard wort and illness enfeebled his sight and left him for tar last ten years of his life not only blind bat poor. To one of his two daughters he dictated the last volume of his Invertebrate Zoology, while to keep himself alive he was forced to part with some (it his treasured collections. Greater than his eon temporaries and immediate successors dreamed Lamarck died in comparative obscurity, lSth December 1829, aged eighty-five. Apart from his contributions to classification and descriptive zoology, Lamarck had a twofold import ance, as an expositor of the now accepted theory ii descent, and as an inquirer into the still debated factors in evolution. It is easy to find in b» Philosophic Zoologique passages which foreshadow many modern suggestions in regard to evolution, including the theory of natural selection ; bat tie gist of his thinking is fairly expressed in the folkTM ing propositions : (1) Every considerable and sustained change in the conditions of life produce* a real change in the needs of the animals involved: (2) change of needs involves new habits ; (3) altered function evokes change of structure, for parti for merly less used become with increased exerew more highly developed, other organs in default of use deteriorate and finally disappear, while ser parts gradually arise in the organism by its o»5 efforts from within (efforts de son srntnaeni inUrieur); (4) gains or Tosses due to use or dvre are transmitted from parents to offspring. There can be no doubt that Lamarck, thoofi beyond doubt an independent thinker, was it fluenced by Button, ana also perhaps by Erasmus Darwin, whose Loves of the Plants had been tolaslated into French in 1799. On his conteniporano he exercised little influence—in fact it was not nil the Darwinian revival of retiology that the woru of Lamarck began to be justly appreciated. T» those who deny the transmissibility of all char acters individually acquired in direct response to changed functions and surroundings, the theory of evolution according to Lamarck seems to \based on an undemonstrated if not erroneous hvpo thesis; to those, on the other hand, who befiet that individually acquired characters are transmissible from parents to offspring, Lamarck's theory is part of the solution of the evolutionist's pazde. Thus, while the majority of naturalists in Britah and Germany side with Darwin and Wetfroaan against Lamarck, there is in France a distinctly Lamarckian school, and a Rtunion of his admirer* has been instituted; while in America what an called ' Neo-Lamarckian' views are vigorous!;, upheld by many naturalists of eminence, such a.Cope, Hyatt, and Packard, who seek to expUii; evolution accordiug to fundamental ' law* *A growth,' plus the inherited effects of u« ani disuse and of environmental influence. See Bofpon, Darwin, Darwinian Thbort, Bvaur TION, Heredity, &o. S. Butler, Evolution, Old mad New (Lond. 1879); J. V. Cams, Oesekiehte dtr Zuuljdv (1872); C. Clans, Lamarck alt Begritnder der Desmdm theorie (1888); E. D. Cope. The Origin of the PVmm (Lond. and New York, 1887); Cuvier, 'tXogt dtaa Lamarck,' Acad, des Sciences (1832); M. DnvaL 'I* Transformiste Francais Lamarck,' an admirable ikrtck of his life and work, ButL Soc. AnthropoL tome in. (Paria, 1889); E. Haeckel, Die Naturanschauuwj van I*am%. Qoetne, und Lamarck (1882), and translation of im Natiirliehe Sehopfungsgeschiehte ; Lamarck, fTiitmi i 4m Animaux sans Vertebra (1815-22), re-edition Ot Oeshayet and Milne-Edwards (1835-45); PhUotophie XaUc^m (1809), re-edition with valuable biographical intraiurt .r |