As these terminations are silent in prose, it frequently occurs that the measure of verses is in discordance with the rhythm of the language, and thus it becomes very necessary for English readers, accustomed to find the mute terminations valueless in their own language, to be cautioned as to their importance in French, and to understand their treatment. The perusal of Béranger's works, of any book of French songs, or indeed of almost any vaudeville, will illustrate the troubles entailed upon French verse-making by this one letter e, and by the objection to the hiatus. Numbers of irregular apostrophes will be found distributed throughout the more familiar songs. These apostrophes are merely disposals of the unmanageable vowel, not wanted for any sound of its own, but still possessing its syllabic value; while t's, s's, z's will be found tacked on to other final vowels to form contraband syllables. A very good specimen of this kind of poem, "Malbrough," will be found at the end of the collection; and the various spelling of avec or avecque, encore or encor, jusque or iusques, may help to illustrate the point. All French verses must rhyme, and the laws for rhyming are no less severe and positive than for the syllabic arrangement. The rhyming is absolute for sight, though apparently not always so for the ear. Masculine and feminine rhymes will always be found to alternate (the feminine rhymes are those ending in e, es, ent-3rd plural, not aient; the masculine are the others); a rhyme with s, x, z, must always find another ending in one of these letters; though perfectly similar in sound, without it the rhyme could not exist. As a sort of preliminary exercise, the teacher might select a few lines of various lengths, and require the pupil to divide them, as in the following :— Alexandrines, 12 syllable lines, rhyming two and two. Dans le réduit❘ obs|cur|| d'une al|co|vé en foncée-fem. Lyrical Dodecasyllables, with rhymes crossing. Qu'est ce donc que des jours|| pour| va|loir qu'on les pleure—ƒ. Decasyllables. Ver vert était un perro quet dé vot―m. Octosyllabic. Faut de l'esprit||, pas trop n'en faut-m. Un bon mot est|| l'éclair] qui| brille—ƒ. Septuasyllabic Je ne savais que lui dire-f. Qu'en sortant|| des grands bois sourds-m. In these the cesura is much less marked than in the preceding, and in all following lengths it is not noticed at all. We must leave the teacher to find examples of six, five, four, two, one syllable lines, for which we should recommend "Les Djinns" of Victor Hugo, or other lyrical stanzas varied differently, and to guide the pupil in dividing them. OLD FRENCH. The following is from a tale of the thirteenth century, much intermixed with verse. The rhymes of this period are not so unconditionally absolute as they grew to be subsequently. I. Nicolette * en Prison. Nicole est en prison mise, Ki fait est par grand devisse A la fenestre marbrine Ami! lasse moi ! caitive * This personage is an obscure damsel, discovered afterwards to be a princess, who had excited the love of a young lord named Aucassin, to the great displeasure of his father, who caused her to be imprisoned, in order to keep her away from his son. Translation. En ceste cambre vautie Nicolette est emprisonnée dans une cellule voutée qui est faite par grand art, peinte à merveille. A la fenêtre de marbre s'appuya la jeune fille; elle avait la chevelure blonde, les sourcils bien dessinés; le visage clair et séduisant. Jamais plus beau ne vîtes. Elle regarda dans le jardin, et vit la rose épanouie, et les oiseaux qui se parlaient. Alors l'orpheline se plaignit. Hélas! malheureuse que je suis, d'être ainsi captive. Pourquoi suis-je mise en prison? Aucassin seigneur damoiseau, je suis maintenant votre amie, et vous ne me haïssez pas. Pour vous je suis en prison dans cette chambre voutée, où je mène une triste vie. Mais par Dieu le fils de Marie, je ne resterai pas longtemps ici si je puis faire autrement. FROM "LE ROMAN DE LA ROSE." The romance, or poem in romance tongue, of "La Rose," is the earliest allegorical poem of the middle ages, in language of Latin source. It contains 20,000 lines; it was begun in the thirteenth century by Guillaume de Lorris, and continued, after an interval of some forty years, by Jean de Meung. 2. L'origine de la Royauté.* Les homs la terre se partirent * This is very much modernized. |