the warning of their Divine Master, the Christians escaped. The "desolater" instead of "desolated" is properly found in the margin, and predicts the retribution of Jehovah in avenging the wrongs of the Jewish nation on their Roman oppressor. See also Luke xxi. 24. The horrible calamities inflicted by the Romans on the inhabitants of Judea were visited in a measure on themselves by an overruling Providence in the course of events, which might be otherwise judged to have happened in the chapter of accidents, or as the effects of natural causes. Titus by no means reaped the reward of an unsullied triumph in the permissive will of Heaven. During his reign of rather more than two years, the great eruption of Vesuvius, which had slept in the annals of time, as recorded by Strabo and Diodorus Siculus, engulfed in ruin the flourishing cities of Herculaneum, Pompeii, and Stadiæ, and overspread with devastation the neighbouring country of Campania; which was a coincidence deserving of notice, without laying undue stress on it. Notwithstanding all his philanthropic efforts to advance the national honour and happiness of his subjects, a conflagration burst forth in the metropolis of Rome, which lasted for several days, prostrating in dilapidation a considerable part of it, including the public buildings in the Campus Martius, which were the work of Agrippa; the Capitol, library of Octavius, theatre of Pompey, and damaging the Pantheon. It was ravaged at the same time by a prevalent epidemic disease, which swept away daily some thousands of its population, and baffled the liberality of the patriotic emperor, who died of a burning fever at his Sabine villa of Reate, after uttering a complaint against the severity of the fates. Heathenism in process of time yielded to the victorious arms of Constantine. The future fall of the Latin church and empire will be the rise of Israel.

xi. 5. “And he shall be strong above him, and have dominion." Bishop Newton reads, "And the king of the north shall be strong above him, and have dominion."

xi. 6. "Neither shall he stand." Dr. Boothroyd reads the feminine pronoun "she."

xi. 8. "And shall also carry captives into Egypt their gods, with their princes." The Septuagint has, ToùS DEOÙS αὐτῶν μετὰ τῶν χωνευτῶν αὐτῶν; and the Vulgate, deos eorum et sculptilia, "their gods and graven images."

xi. 10. “And be stirred up, even to his fortress." Gesenius inserts "and march."

xi. 14. "Also the robbers of thy people shall exalt themselves.” The Septuagint has, οἱ υἱοὶ τῶν λοιμῶν τοῦ λαοῦ σov, "the sons of the pestilent ones of thy people;" and the Vulgate, filii prævaricatorum populi tui, "sons of the prevaricators of thy people."

xi. 15. "And the arms of the south." The Septuagint has, τοῦ βασιλέως τοῦ Νότου, “ of the king of the south.”

xi. 16. "Which by his hand shall be consumed." The Septuagint reads, καὶ τελεσθήσεται ἐν τῇ χειρὶ αὐτοῦ, "and it shall be finished by his hand." In this meaning of the passage agree Josephus, Theodoret, and Bishop Newton.

xi. 17. "And upright ones with him; thus shall he do." The Septuagint reads, καὶ εὐθεῖα πάντα μετ' αὐτοῦ ποιήσet, "and he shall set all things right." So also the Vul

σει,

gate. Instead of "corrupting her," Mr. Elliott reads, "to destroy it," i.e. the kingdom.

xi. 22. "And with the arms of a flood shall they be overflown from before him." The Septuagint reads, xal βραχίονες τοῦ κατακλύζοντος κατακλυσθήσονται ἀπὸ προσάжоν αВтоÛ, “and the arms of the overflower shall be overflown from before him." The Vulgate has, et brachia pugnantis expugnabuntur à facie ejus. With the same reading Bishop Newton concurs, which is a prophecy of Antiochus Epiphanes.

xi. 24. “Against the strongholds." The Greek, Latin, and Arabic versions have "against Egypt."

xi. 26. "Shall destroy him." Mr. Wintle reads, with one Hebrew manuscript, "shall betray him." "And his army shall overflow." Pagninus has inundabitur, "shall be overflown;" the Vulgate, opprimetur; and the Syriac, "dispersed."

xi. 29. "But it shall not be as the former, or as the latter." The Vulgate has, non erit priori simile novissiтит, "the latter shall not be like the former." So reads Mr. Wintle.

HOSEA.

Chap. ix. ver. 4. "For their bread for their soul shall not come into the house of the Lord." Dr. Roberts reads, "for their bread of their dead body." Newcombe states that food was brought by neighbours into the houses of those who mourned for the dead, which contracted pollution from the corpse. See Ez. xxiv. 17.

ix. 6. "The pleasant places for their silver" might be rather rendered "precious vessels of silver." The Vulgate has, desiderabile argentum eorum.

x. 14. "As Shalman spoiled Beth-arbel in the day of battle." Tremellius and Usher consider "Shalman" to be Shalmanezer, and Beth-arbel, or the house of Arbela, to be an Assyrian province near Arpad, which was conquered by the ancestors of Senacherib. The Hebrew word "Beth" answers to the Arabic "Beit." A celebrated battle afterwards took place at Arbel between Alexander and Darius. Arbela, according to Dr. Lightfoot, was situate in Galilee, between Sephoris and Tiberias, being the same as the Arabic "Irbid" or "Irbil" of Dr. Robinson. There is a town likewise east of the Jordan bearing the same name. See 2 Kings xviii. 34. Horsley has not disturbed the present reading.

xii. 12. The italic word "sheep" in this verse is supplied by the Chaldee. See Gen. xxx. 31.

JOEL.

Chap. ii. ver. 23. "For he hath given you the former rain moderately, and he will cause to come down for you the rain, the former rain, and the latter rain in the first month." The Septuagint has, xalàs ëμπрoσlev, “as at first" or "heretofore;" the Vulgate, sicut in principio; and Tremellius, primo quoque tempore. Dr. Wall observes that the word "month" has been inserted conjecturally, but fallaciously, by our translators. The periodical rains in Judea fall in the beginning of autumn after the drought of summer, and in the spring before the barley-harvest.

ii. 32. "And in the remnant whom the Lord shall call." The Septuagint reads, καὶ εὐαγγελιζόμενοι οὓς Κύριος προKékλŋTaι, "and they shall be evangelised, whom the Lord shall call."

iii. 6. "Unto the Grecians." The Hebrew has (Jevanim); and the Septuagint, Toîs vioîs Tŵv Exλývwv, sons of the Grecians." See margin. So also the Vulgate.

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