Considérant : Que le droit maritime, en temps de guerre, a été pendant longtemps l'objet de contestations regrettables; Que l'incertitude du droit et des devoirs en pareille matière, donne lieu, entre les neutres et les belligérants, à des divergences d'opinion qui peuvent faire naître des difficultés sérieuses et même des conflits; Qu'il y a avantage, par conséquent, à établir une doctrine uniforme sur un point aussi important; Que les Plénipotentiaires assemblés au Congrès de Paris ne sauraient mieux répondre aux intentions dont leurs Gouvernements sont animés, qu'en cherchant à introduire dans les rapports internationaux des principes fixes à cet égard; Dûment autorisés, les susdits Plénipotentiaires sont convenus de se concerter sur les moyens d'atteindre ce but; et étant tombés d'accord ont arrêté la Déclaration solennelle ci-après : 1. La course est et demeure abolie; 2. Le pavillon neutre couvre la marchandise ennemie, à l'exception de la contrebande de guerre; *3. La marchandise neutre, à l'exception de la contrebande de guerre, n'est pas saisissable sous pavillon ennemi; 4. Les blocus, pour être obligatoires, doivent être effectifs, c'est-àdire, maintenus par une force suffisante pour interdire réellement l'ac cès du littoral de l'ennemi. Les Gouvernements des Plénipotentiaires soussignés s'engagent à porter cette Déclaration a la connaissance des Etats qui n'ont pas été appelés à participer au Congrès Considering That maritime law, in time of war, has long been the subject of deplorable disputes; That the uncertainty of the law and of the duties in such a matter, gives rise to differences of opinion between neutrals and belligerents which may occasion serious difficulties, and even conflicts; That it is consequently advantageous to establish a uniform doctrine on so important a point; That the Plenipotentiaries assembled in Congress at Paris cannot better respond to the intentions by which their Governments are animated, than by seeking to introduce into international relations fixed principles in this respect; The above-mentioned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized, resolved to concert among themselves as to the means of attaining this object; and, having come to an agreement, have adopted the following solemn Declaration : 1. Privateering is, and remains abolished; 2. The neutral flag covers cnemy's goods, with the exception of contraband of war; 3. Neutral goods, with [*851] the exception of contraband of war, are not liable to capture under enemy's flag; 4. Blockades, in order to be binding, must be effective, that is to say, maintained by a force sufficient really to prevent access to the coast of the enemy. The Governments of the undersigned Plenipotentiaries engage to bring the present Declaration to the knowledge of the States which have not taken part in the Congress de Paris, et à les inviter à y ac- of Paris, and to invite them to acceder. cede to it. CAVOUR. DE VILLAMARINA. AALI. MHEMMED DJEMIL. CAVOUR. DE VILLAMARINA. A ALI. MEHEMMED DJEMIL. Treaty between Her Majesty, the Emperor of the French, and the King of Sweden and Norway. Signed at Stockholm, November 21, 1855. [Ratifications exchanged at Stockholm, December 17, 1855.] SA Majesté la Reine du Royaume Uni de la Grande Bretagne et d'Irlande, Sa Majesté l'Empereur des Français, et Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège désirant prévenir toute complication de nature HER Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, His Majesty the Emperor of the French, and His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway, being anxious to avert any à troubler léquilibre Européen, ont résolu de s'entendre dans le but d'assurer l'intégrité des Royaumes Unis de Suède et de Norvège, et ont nommé Plénipotentiaires pour conclure un Traité à cet effet, savoir: Sa Majesté la Reine du Royaume Uni de la Grande Bretagne et d'Irlande, le Sieur Arthur Charles Magenis, Ecuyer, Son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire près Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège; Sa Majesté l'Empereur des Français, le Sieur Charles Victor Lobstein, Officier de l'Ordre Imperial de la Légion d'Honneur, GrandCroix de l'Ordre Royal de l'Etoile Polaire de Suède, Commander de l'Ordre du Christ et Chevalier de celui de la Conception de Portugal, Son Envoyé Extraordinaire et Ministre Plénipotentiaire près Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège; *Et Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège, le Sieur Gustave Nicholas Algernon Adolphe Baron von Stierneld, Son Ministre d'Etatet des Affaires Etrangères, Chevalier et Commandeur de Ses Ordres, Grand-Croix de Son Ordre de Saint Olaf de Norvège, &c., &c., &c. Lesquels, après s'être communiqué leurs pleins pouvoirs respectifs, trouvés en bonne et due forme, sont convenus de ce qui suit :: ARTICLE I. Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège s'engage à ne céder à la Russie, ni à échanger avec elle, ni à lui permettre d'occuper, aucune partie des territoires appartenant aux Couronnes de Suède et de Nor complication which might disturb the existing balance of power in Europe, have resolved to come to an understanding with a view to secure the integrity of the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, and have named as their Plenipotentiaries to conclude a Treaty for that purpose, that is to say: Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Arthur Charles Magenis, Esquire, Her Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway; His Majesty the Emperor of the French, the Sieur Charles Victor Lobstein, Officer of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honour, Grand Cross of the Royal Order of the Polar Star of Sweden, Commander of the Order of Christ, and Knight of that of the Conception of Portugal, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. And His Majesty the King of Sweden and Nor- [*853] way, the Sieur Gustavus Nicholas Algernon Adolphus Baron de Stierneld, His Minister of State and for Foreign Affairs, Knight and Commander of His Orders, Grand Cross of His Order of St. Olaf, of Norway, &c., &c., &c. Who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows: ARTICLE I. His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway engages not to cede to nor to exchange with Russia, nor to permit her to occupy, any part of the territories belonging to the Crowns of Sweden and Norway. vège. Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège s'engage, en outre, à ne céder à la Russie aucun droit de pâturage, de pêche, ou de quelque autre nature que ce soit, tant sur les dits territoires que sur les côtes de Suède et de Norvège, et à repousser toute prétention que pourrait élever la Russie à établir l'existence d'aucun des droits précités. ART. II. Dans le cas où la Russie ferait à Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège quelque proposition ou demande ayant pour objet d'obtenir soit la cession ou l'échange d'une partie quelconque des territoires appartenant aux Couronnes de Suède et de Norvège, soit la faculté d'occuper certains points [*854] *des dits territoires, soit la cession de droits de pêche, de pâturage, ou tout autre sur ces mêmes territoires et sur les côtes de Suède et de Norvège, Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège s'engage à communiquer immédiatement cette proposition ou demande à Sa Majesté Britannique et à Sa Majesté l'Empereur des Français; et leurs dites Majestés prennent, de leur côté, l'engagement de fournir à Sa Majesté le Roi de Suède et de Norvège, des forces navales et militaires suffisantes pour coopérer avec les forces navales et militaires de Sa dite Majesté, dans le but de résister aux prétentions ou aux agressions de la Russie. La nature, l'importance, et la destination des forces dont il s'agit, seront, le cas échéant, arrêtées d'un commun accord entre les trois Puissances. ART. III. Le présent traité sera ratifié, et His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway engages, further, not to cede to Russia any right of pasturage, of fishery, or of any other nature whatsoever, either on the said territories or upon the coasts of Sweden and Norway, and to resist any pretension which may be put forward by Russia with a view to establish the existence of any of the rights aforesaid. ART. II. In case Russia should make to His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway any proposal or demand having for its object to obtain either the cession or the exchange of any part whatsoever of the territories belonging to the Crowns of Sweden and Norway, or the power of occupying certain points of the said territories, or the cession of rights of fishery, of pasturage, or of any other right upon the said territories and upon the coasts of Sweden and Norway, His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway engages forthwith to communicate such proposal or demand to Her Britannic Majesty and His Majesty the Emperor of the French; and their said Majesties, on their part, engage to furnish to His Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway sufficient naval and military forces to co-operate with the naval and military forces of His said Majesty, for the purpose of resisting the pretensions or aggressions of Russia. The description, number, and destination of such forces shall, if occasion should arise, be determined by common agreement between the three Powers. ART. III. The present Treaty shall be rati "DR. LAWRENCE said that nothing had passed that could induce him to abandon the opinion he entertained, that the Treaty of Peace lately signed was, in many respects, most fatal to the country. Let any person consider of what importance to this country were its possessions in the East; and let him at the same time consider how the security and well-being of those possessions were endangered by the non-renewal of the Treaties by which they were heretofore protected. Let it be considered what advantages were given to the enemy by this neglect, or omission, or by whatever other name it was to be called-advantages which the enemy himself already exaggerated." "The Convention of 1787 granted a general exemption to all factories, and a general jurisdiction over all persons within certain limits. The omission of any regulation to this effeet in the present Treaty, might renew the ancient jealousies." (Ib., p. 677.) "It might be urged, he said, in defence of the non-revival of former Treaties, that we did not give up our rights, but were prepared to defend them to the utmost. But though they had not been revived generally, it was surely worth while to revive specifically that part which protected our commerce in the East Indies. (Ib., p. 679.) Speech of Lord Grenville. Debate in the Lords on the Definitive Treaty of Paris. Ibid., pp. 688-9. "It was asked what was the use of discussion now, when peace was |