History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII.

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood & Sons, 1856

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Table des matières

CHAPTER	1

Effect of these different passions in effecting the dispersion of mankind	2

They have produced the greatest wars recorded in history	3

Lasting conquests of the East over the West	4

Wars of races in the east of Europe	5

Strife of races peculiarly vehement in the Turkish empire	6

Variety of races in the Turkish dominions	7

Division of the Christians and Mussulmans 9 Turkish system of government	8

Diebitch throws himself on the Turkish communications	342

Description of the country and movements of the armies	343

Turkish movements	344

Battle of Kouleftscha	345

Fresh dispositions of Diebitch	346

Victory of the Russians	347

Measures of Diebitch after the battle	348

Progress of the siege of Silistria and its fall	349

Division of races in Turkey renders government more easy	10

The military strength of the empire entirely derived from the Turks	11

The whole civil business of the country is conducted by the Greeks	12

Great and rapid increase of the Christians compared to the Turks	13

1415 Picture of the Servians by Lamartine	14

General decrease of population in Turkey	16

Statistics of Turkey	17

In what does Turkish oppression consist? 19 The lives and property of all belong to the Sultan 20 Great extent of land in Turkey held in mortmain P...	18

17	19

Ruinous weakness of the Executive	23

Venality and corruption of justice	24

Contrary principles of good in Turkey Weakness of power	25

And want of the means of communication ib 27 Excellent qualities in the Turkish character	26

The Theory of the central government is comparatively mild 29 Institution of Ayams	28

The village system	29

Small revenue derived from Turkey	31

Great population of the towns and decline of the country	32

Multitude of idle servants in the country	33

Description of the city	37

Description of the city as seen from the sea	38

Defects of its interior	39

Population of Constantinople and equality of the sexes ib 43 Maritime forces of Turkey and Greece	40

The Janizaries	41

Turkish cavalry	43

The advantages of the Turks in this respect are now lost	44

In what the strength of the Turks now consists	45

Where are the Turks now strongest in war? ib 49 Turkish fortifications	47

Their mode of defending them ib 51 Causes of the obstinate defence of fortified cities by the Turks	48

Russian mode of fighting the Turks	49

Triple barrier which defends Constantinople	50

The Danube as a frontier stream	51

The Balkan	52

Country between the Balkan and Constantinople	53

The command of the sea or the support of Austria is essential to the suc cess of Russia	54

its description	55

Asiatic defence of Turkey The Caucasus	56

Its value as a military barrier	57

Description of the passes through the Caucasus	58

Description of Asia Minor	59

Military resources of Asia Minor	60

Mountainous nature of the country and want of roads	61

The Caucasian tribes ib 66 Russian policy of intervention	62

Examples of the application of this principle	63

Intervention of Peter the Great in the affairs of neighbouring states	64

Establishment of the Russians in the Caucasus and on the Caspian	65

Acceptance of the crown of Georgia by the Emperor Alexander	66

Wars with the Caucasians and fresh rupture with Turkey and Persia	67

Battle of Elizabethpol	68

Affairs of Wallachia and Moldavia	69

Russian system of intervention regarding them	70

Repeated insurrections of the Greeks	71

Mutual exasperation of the Greeks and Turks	73

Insurrection of Ali Pasha	74

Statistics of Greece	76

Defensible nature of the country	77

CHAPTER XIV	80

Recent favourable circumstances in the condition of Greece	81

Page 3 Recent spread of information and passion for independence	82

Formation of the society of the Hetairists	83

Different gradations in the Hetairists	84

Extraordinary secresy preserved regarding the affairs of the society	85

Their eyes are all fixed on Russia ib 8 Cession of Parga in 1819	87

Heartrending scene at the evacuation of the town	88

Debates on this subject in Parliament	89

Effect of the Spanish revolution on Turkey and Greece ib 13 State of Turkey at this period	90

Its weakness in a military point of view	91

Commencement of the insurrection in Wallachia	92

Ipsilantis insurrection in Moldavia	94

Ipsilantis first measures	95

Reasons which urged the Emperor Alexander to intervene in Turkey at this time	96

Reasons which induced him to remain neutral ib 20 Enthusiasm of the Turks and measures taken against Ipsilanti	97

Commencement of the insurrection in Greece Proper and the Islands	98

The insurrection spreads over all Greece	99

22NANAN 23	100

24	101

25	102

26	103

27	104

28	105

29	107

31	108

Variable strength of the Turkish empire 32	109

Great vicissitudes in the history of Turkey 33	110

Naval successes of the Greeks	111

Bloody action in Cydonia	113

Successes of the Turks in the Morea ib 37 Battle of Valtezza	114

Raising of the siege of Athens and defeat of the Turks in Thermopyla	116

its description	117

Progress of the siege ib 41 Storm and massacre of Tripolitza	118

Importance of the conquest and subsequent measures of the Greeks	119

Fresh massacre of the Christians in Smyrna	120

Operations of Chourchid Pasha before Janina Fall and recapture of Arta	121

Failure of the Greeks before Napoli di Romania and Patras	122

Forcing of the line of Cassandra	123

Operations in Crete	124

War with Persia	125

Angry negotiations with Russia ib 50 Russian ultimatum and its refusal by the Divan	127

Ultimatum of the Turks	128

Efforts of Lord Strangford the English minister to avert a rupture	129

Alarming state of Constantinople and efforts of the ambassadors	130

Capitulation of Ali Pasha	132

Perfidious seizure and death of Ali Pasha	133

Sensation this produced at Constantinople	134

Turkish plan of the campaign	135

Success of the fleet and defeat of Chourchid Pasha by the Souliotes	136

Extension of the insurrection to Chios	137

Frightful massacre in the island by the Turks	138

Signal retribution which befell the Turks	140

Operations of the Greek fleet against the Turks	141

Successful attack on the Turkish fleet	142

Destruction of the admirals ship	143

Renewed massacre in Chios	144

Unsuccessful expedition of Mavrocordato into Epirus ib 69 Insurrection and its suppression in Macedonia	145

Grand invasion of the Morea	146

Dangerous position of the Turks and able measures of the Greeks	147

Disastrous retreat of the Turks	148

Further successes of the Greeks	149

First siege of Missolonghi	150

Operations in Cyprus and Crete	151

Fall of Napoli di Romania	152

Fresh naval successes of the Greeks	153

Destruction of another Turkish ship of the line ib 79 Glorious results of this campaign to the Greeks	155

Dreadful earthquakes in Asia Minor	156

Negotiations with Russia during the year	157

The Congress of Verona declines to recognise the Greek state	158

Revolution at Constantinople in favour of the janizaries	159

Dreadful fire at Constantinople in spring 1823	160

Preparations of the Turks for the next campaign ib 87 Destruction of part of DramaAlis corps by Niketas	161

Independent position of the larger pashas and consequent weakness of the central power	162

Plan of the campaign on the part of the Turks	163

Dispositions of the Greeks	164

Early successes of the Greeks ib 92 Victory of the Greeks on Mount Helicon	165

Divisions among the Greeks in the Morea	166

Revolt of the Albanians and advance of the Pasha of Scodra	167

Nocturnal surprise of the Turks and death of Mark Bozzaris	168

Commencement of the siege of Anatolico	169

Operations in Candia during 1823	170

Naval campaign of 1823	171

Increased dissensions in the Morea	172

Increasing interest in Greece abroad Arrival of Lord Byron at Missolonghi	173

Continued divisions of the Greeks	174

Contraction of the Greek loan	176

Preparations and plan of the campaign by the Turks ib 104 Operations of the Turks in the Archipelago	177

Capture and destruction of Ipsara	178

Glorious resistance of the Psarriotes	179

Immense spoil made by the Turks in Ipsara	180

Gallant conduct of the Greeks after this disaster	181

Defeat of the Turks in the straits of Samos	182

Junction of the Turkish and Egyptian fleets	183

Naval victories of the Greeks	184

Land operations in eastern Greece	186

Renewed dissensions in Greece	187

Death of Odysseus	189

Favourable prospects of Greece in the opening of 1825	190

Preparations of the Turks ib 120 Landing of Ibrahim Pasha at Modon	191

Defeat of the Greeks by Ibrahim Pasha	192

Capture of Sphacteria by Ibrahim	193

Capture of Navarino	194

Naval successes of the Greeks	195

Victory of Sakhtouri over the Capitan Pasha	196

Successes of Ibrahim and gallant resistance near Arcadia	197

Further successes of Ibrahim and capture of Tripolitza	198

Fresh defeat of the Greeks ib 129 Commencement of the second siege of Missolonghi and description of the place	200

First operations of the siege	201

Raising of the blockade of Missolonghi by sea	202

Attack on the town by a mound and its defeat ib 133 A third assault is repulsed	203

Critical position of the Turks and preparations of the Sultan	204

Heroic spirit of the garrison	205

Progress of the Turks	206

Noble final resolution of the garrison	207

Greek plan of a general sortie ib 139 Commencement of the sortie	208

Issue of the sortie	209

Vast effects of the siege of Missolonghi and general despondence in Greece	210

Deplorable condition of Greece in the end of 1825 and opening of 1826	211

Commencement of the negotiations for the independence of Greece	212

Conclusion of the first protocol in favour of the Greeks	213

Its provisions	214

Operations in Attica ib	215

Progress of the siege of Athens	216

Unsuccessful attempts to raise the siege of Athens and its fall	218

Treaty of 6th July ib 152 Its provisions	219

153154 Counter manifesto of the Porte 220221	220

Strength of the allied squadron	222

Preparations of the Porte ib 157 Final note of the Allies to the Porte	223

Who was the aggressor at Navarino?	232

CHAPTER XV	238

Their disastrous consequences to Turkey	251

Battle of DjevanBoulak	257

Fresh rupture with Persia and conclusion of the peace at Tourkmantchai	262

Mutual recriminations of the Russians and Turks	263

Forces of the Russians	264

Passage of the Pruth and commencement of the campaign	265

Preparations of the Turks ib 33 Forces they had collected in Europe and Asia	266

34	267

Which was mainly based on the command of the sea	268

Vast influence of Constantinople on the fortunes of mankind 38 Its incomparable situation 36	270

First operations Fall of Kustendji	271

its description	272

VOL III	273

Bloody repulse of the assault ib 41 Fall of the place	274

Further successes of the Russians and Turkish system of defence	275

Capture of Anapa by the Russians	276

Combat of Bazardjik	277

Further cavalry actions ib 46 General cavalry action before Schumla	278

Blockade of Schumla and plans of the Russians	279

Journey of the Emperor to Odessa and measures adopted there	280

Position of the Russians	281

Defensive measures of the Turks ib 51 Operations before Schumla	282

Surprise of a Russian redoubt	283

Attack on Prince Eugene and EskiStamboul	284

Retreat of the Russians from the south of Schumla	285

Operations before Varna ib 56 Attack on Wittgenstein	286

Siege of Varna	287

Advance of the Turks to raise the siege ib 59 Bloody defeat of the Russians	289

The siege is not interrupted ib 61 Fall of Varna	290

Reflections on this surrender	291

Operations before Widdin	292

Abandonment of the siege of Silistria and retreat of the Russians beyond the Danube	293

Disastrous retreat of Wittgenstein	294

Commencement of the campaign in Asia	295

Description of the theatre of war	296

Siege of Kars	298

Appearance of the plague in the Russian army	299

Capture of Akhalzikh	300

March upon Akhalzikh	301

Paskewitchs plan of attack and its chances	302

Nocturnal attack on the Turkish camp	303

Its perilous chances ib 77 Desperate conflict on the heights	304

Total defeat of the Turks	305

Assault of the town	306

Frightful assault of the town ib 81 Reduction of Alskhur and Ardagan	308

Operations on the Russian flanks and results of the campaign ib 83 Paskewitchs plans and formation of Mahommedan corps	309

Vigorous defensive measures of the Porte in Asia during the winter	310

Assassination of the Russian minister at Teheran and siege of Akhalzikh by the Turks	311

Siege of the fortress by the Turks	312

Extreme danger of the besieged	313

Their deliverance ib 89 Measures of Paskewitch against the Persians	314

Opening of the campaign with the Turks	315

Defeat of Hadgi Hassan	316

Paskewitchs dispositions and position of the Turks	317

Paskewitchs plan of attack	318

Subsequent movements of Paskewitch	319

Advance upon Kainly and dispositions of attack	320

Success of the Russians in the centre and on the left	321

Defeat of the Seraskier	322

Storming of the intrenched camp at MilliDuz	323

Results of these conflicts	324

Advance of Paskewitch against HassanKale and its fall	325

Fall of Erzeroum	326

Further movements	327

Submission of the Pasha of Mush and of Baibout ib 105 Disaster before Khart	328

Retreat of Paskewitch to Erzeroum	329

Defeat of the Turks in Guriel and subsequent checks of the Russians ib 108 Advance of Paskewitch against Baibout	330

Total defeat of the Turks and termination of the campaign	331

Conclusion of an armistice and summary of the campaign	332

Preparations of the Turks for the campaign in Turkey in Europe ib 112 Preparations of the Russians	334

Operations during the winter	335

Retirement of Wittgenstein and appointment of Diebitch to the com mandinchief	336

Naval forces of the Russians and Turks	337

Russian plan of the campaign and Turkish and repulse of the latter at Sizepolis	338

Commencement of the campaign on both sides	339

Bloody combats at EskiArnautlar	340

Commencement of the siege of Silistria and its description	341

Description of the passes of the Balkan	350

Diebitchs preparations for passing the Balkan	351

Passage of the Balkan	352

Subsequent movements of the Turks and Russians	353

Successful attack on the Turks at Selimno	354

Advance upon Adrianople and its capture ib 135 Extended positions of the Russians	356

Unbounded alarm at Constantinople London and Vienna	357

Treaty of Adrianople	358

Convention regarding Wallachia and Moldavia	359

Irruption of the Pasha of Scodra ib 140 Affairs of Greece in 1828	360

Progress of the Greeks in 1829	361

Convention of March 22 1829 regarding the limits of Greece	363

143144 Reflections on this convention 364365	364

Remarkable words of the Emperor Nicholas on this subject	366

What of the alleged regeneration of Turkey	367

Astute policy of Russia in the treaty of Adrianople	368

Difficulty of the conquest of Turkey evinced in this war	369

Great strength of Russia in force and of Turkey in situation	370

Cause of the strength of Russia in defensive and its weakness in offensive war	371

Dangers of the Russian position in regard to Turkey ib 152 The final triumph of Christianity in Turkey is secure	372

CHAPTER XVI	373

Character of Charles X	374

His defects	375

The Duke dAngoulême is declared Dauphin	376

The secret Camarilla of ecclesiastics	377

Entry of the king into Paris	378

Abolition of the censorship of the press	379

Dangers of this step	380

Increase of the Jesuits influence at the court and their efforts in the country	381

Strength of the Jesuit party in the legislature and the administration	383

Their opponents in the Chambers and the press	384

Injudicious measure regarding the army	385

comparative strength of parties	386

Flourishing state of the finances	387

Restoration of the estates of the Orleans family	388

Law of indemnity to the sufferers by the Revolution	389

Embarrassment of the Government from other claims	393

2430 Argument against the project by the Liberals 394398	394

and other Liberals	399

Law against sacrilege	400

Law regarding religious societies of women	401

Measure of M de Villèle for the reduction of the debt ib 36 Coronation of the King at Rheims	403

Prosecutions against the Liberal press	404

Death and character of General Foy	405

Death and character of M de Serres	406

Recognition of the independence of St Domingo	407

Negotiations for the independence of the Spanish colonies	408

its necessity	409

4446 Argument against the law by M Pasquier 410412	410

4749 Answer of the Government 413414	413

Result of the debate	415

Reflections on this subject ib 52 Statistics of finances of 1826 and 1827	417

Measures of the Jesuits ib 54 Preceptor to the Duke of Bordeaux	418

Denunciation of the Jesuits by Count Montlouis	419

Answer of the Jesuits ib 57 Law against the liberty of the press	420

Its provisions	421

Universal indignation which it excites	422

Passing of the law in a mitigated form	423

Riot at the funeral of the Duke de la Rochefoucauld	424

Review of the National Guard	425

Disbanding of the National Guard	426

Its immediate success and ultimate effects ib 65 Reflections on this event	427

Treaty of 6th July on Greece and convention regarding the slave trade	428

Financial projects and embarrassment of the Government	429

A dissolution resolved on ib 69 New creation of Peers and dissolution of the Chambers	430

Formation of the parties and preparations for a mortal struggle on both sides	432

Elections and riots in Paris	433

Mutual recriminations of Ministers and the Jesuits	434

Dissolution of the Villèle Administration	435

Reproaches addressed to him from both parties	436

Character of M de Martignac	437

The new Ministry had not the confidence of the King	438

Answer of the King to the Address	439

Legislative measures of the session	440

It passes the Peers	441

New law regarding the press	442

Law against the Jesuits ib 82 Indignation excited among the Jesuits but the Pope approves the measure	443

Preparations for a change of Ministry	444

Opening of the Chambers	445

Remarkable speech of Prince Polignac	446

Law for the departmental municipalities and its defeat	448

His character	454

Retreat of M de la Bourdonnaye	460

Vast influence of the press in France	468

Vote on the subject	477

Indirect taxes and general revenue	483

Landing at SidiFeruch near Algiers	489

Commencement of the attack on Algiers and fall of the Emperors Fort	491

Fall of Algiers	492

Statistics of Algiers	494

Secret agreement with Russia for extending the French frontier to the Rhine	495

Dissolution of the Chambers	496

Result of the elections	497

Resolution of the Cabinet	498

Resolution of the Cabinet on a coup détat	499

5456 Report on the ordonnance by M de Chantelauze 501502	501

Lamartine on this report	503

The ordonnances ib 59 Signing of the ordonnances	504

Reflections on the ordonnances	505

Total want of preparation for the coup détat on the part of Ministers	506

First effect of the ordonnances	508

Commencement of the insurrection Signing of the protest	509

The first disturbance	510

Attitude and extraordinary security of the Court	511

Rapid progress of the insurrection July 27th	512

Meeting of the Liberal chiefs at Casimir Périers	513

Marmonts plan of operations and commencement of the conflict	515

Vehement contest on the 28th	516

Measures of the Government and Marshal Marmont	517

Marmonts offensive measures and their temporary success	518

Operations of the second column	519

Disaster of the third column	520

Proceedings of the Liberal chiefs	522

State of affairs at St Cloud and firmness of the King	523

Feelings of the combatants during the night	524

Forces on the opposite sides on the morning of the 29th	525

Mission of M Arago to Marmont	526

Decisive resolution of the deputies at M Lafittes	527

Interview with M de Semonville and M dArgout	528

The Louvre is carried by the insurgents	530

Decisive effects of this success	531

Marmonts first interview with Charles X at St Cloud	532

Deliberation in the Council	533

The King submits dismisses his Ministers and sends for M de Mortemart	534

Ineffectual attempt to make a Ministry under M de Mortemart	535

Completion of the Revolution at Paris	537

Last attempt at a negotiation ib 89 The Duke of Orleans refuses the lieutenancy general of the kingdom	538

Violent scene between the Duke dAngoulême and Marmont	540

Abdication of Charles X	541

Revolutionary army which set out from Paris for Rambouillet	542

Falsehoods told the King by Marshal Maison	543

Journey to Maintenon and farewell to the Guard	545

Journey to Cherbourg	546

Adieu to the last of the Guard at Valognes	547

Last interview of the King and Prince Polignac	548

His embarkation at Cherbourg ib 99 Reflections on the fall of the Restoration	550

Great fault of Government in not at once arresting the leaders of the Liberals	556

Dangerous influence of the Partiprêtre on the Government	562

Political reasons on which these projects were founded	568

Curious circumstance which mitigated these evils	574

Crowding of the inhabitants of towns from these causes	581

Conduct of the King	588

S Page 6 Corrupt character of their drama	595

Chateaubriand	596

Sketch of his life ib 9 His character as a writer	597

His beauties	598

His influence in reviving the spirit of Christianity	599

Peculiarity of his style on religious subjects and its apology	600

His defects	601

Madame de Staël as a political writer	603

Her character as a novelist ib 16 Her merits as a critic	604

Her merits as a philosopher	605

his early rise	606

His peculiar style of thought	607

His style of writing ib 21 His mode of viewing human affairs	608

His chief publications	609

Lamartine	610

His defects as a historian	611

His defects	612

His want of authorities in his writings and personal vanity ib 27 Sismondi	613

His social and political essays	614

His political opinions	615

Auguste and Amadée Thierry	616

Their opposite principles	617

3234 MichaudBaranteSalvandy 618619	618

his principles	620

His merits and defects	621

His History of the Consulate and Empire	622

3840 LacretelleCapefigueMichelet 623624	623

Military histories and memoirs	626

His merits and defects	627

His disregard of truth	628

General Jomini	629

General Mathieu Dumas	630

Count Ségur	631

Baron Fain	632

The Memoirs of France during the Revolution	633

Bourrienne	634

Chateaubriand and Lamartine as writers of memoirs	635

5457 CousinM LamenaisM VillemainM Ginguené 637639	637

his great meritsHis errors 640641	640

Cuvier	642

Humboldt	643

His indefatigable energy	644

Poets their decline in France	645

Causes of the decline of the drama in France	648

Romancewriters	649

7072 Victor HugoGeorge SandEugene Sue 650652	650

Periodical literature of France since the Revolution	653

Different class of writers in the daily press in France and England	654

Causes of this difference Destruction of the influence of property	655

Owing also to facility of Revolution in France	656

Character of the romantic school	657

7981 Madlle GeorgesMadlle MarsMadlle Rachel 658660	658

Architecture of Paris	660

Modern French school of painting	662

Conclusion	663

CHAPTER XIX	665

Light which experience has thrown on this subject	666

Effect of the South American Revolution on the currency of Great Britain	667

Causes which augmented the currency in 1823	668

The change of prices through extension of currency is not immediate but gradual	669

Effect of the expansion of the currency on prices in 1823 and 1824	671

Notice of the general prosperity in the royal speeches in 1823 and 1824	672

Symptoms of increased general prosperity	673

Mr Wallaces picture of the country from 1815 to 1823	675

Budget of 1823	676

Conversion of the Dead Weight	677

Reduction of the 4 per cents to 34	678

Simplifying of the National Debt accounts and provision for the perma nent reduction of the National Debt	679

Grants for new churches Windsor Castle and the National Gallery	681

Ministerial changes from 1822 to 1825	682

Liberal measures of the Cabinet	684

Character of Mr Huskisson ib 20 Sketch of the Navigation Laws	686

Retaliatory measures of other nations	687

Mr Wallaces five Freetrade bills in 1822	688

Menaces of retaliatory measures by Prussia	689

2426 Mr Huskissons argument in favour of the Reciprocity System 690692	690

2728 Answer by the shipowners 693694	693

Effect of these acts	694

Pernicious character of their works of imagination	695

Effect of the Reciprocity System on the shipping of the Baltic powers	698

Great increase of the colonial trade has compensated reciprocity decline	700

3435 Cause of the failure of the Reciprocity System in this respect 702703	702

Commencement of the Freetrade system	704

Reflections on this petition	706

Indication this afforded of the growth of the commercial class	707

4246 Argument of the Protectionists 708711	708

Results of the system of Free Trade as proved by experience	712

State of the silk trade	713

First introduction of Free Trade in reference to it	714

Reduction of duties on foreign wools	716

Reflections on these changes	717

Repeal of laws against emigration of artisans and combinations among workmen	718

Disastrous effects of the change ib 54 Argument in favour of the repeal of the Combination Laws	720

Reflections on this subject	722

Causes of the frequency of strikes	723

System which must be adopted on the subject	724

Its advantages	725

Gloomy aspect of affairs in the West Indies and Ireland	726

Lord Dudleys picture of the empire in the opening of 1825	727

Picture of the country from the Annual Register	728

Picture of the times from the Quarterly Review	729

Sound condition of trade and manufactures to the end of 1824	730

Which was owing to the extended currency	731

Causes of danger which were now impending	733

Excess of imports over exports	735

Drain of specie produced by the South American speculations	736

The Chancellor of the Exchequers budget	737

Reduction of taxation introduced and public accounts of the year	739

Mr Robinsons argument in favour of the reduction of the duty on spirits	740

Vast increase of crime which has arisen in consequence	741

7374 Reflections on this subject 742743	742

Temperance Leagues	744

Renewed measures in favour of Free Trade	745

Great and wise change in the laws regarding our colonial shipping	746

Reflections on this change	747

Approach of the monetary crisis	748

Dreadful severity of the crash	749

Increased circulation forced upon the Government	750

The crash was not owing to the instability of the banks but to the mone tary laws	752

Conclusions to be drawn from this catastrophe	753

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Expressions et termes fréquents

Abbas Mirza admiral arms army artillery Asia Asiatic assault attack battalions battle of Navarino besiegers blockade Bozzaris campaign Capitan Pasha capitulation cavalry CHAP chiefs Chios Chourchid Christian Colocotroni command commenced conquest Constantinople contest danger Danube Dardanelles defeated defence defiles disaster Divan Emperor empire enemy entire Europe favour fire fireships fleet Fonton force formidable fortress frigates garrison Gordon Greece Greeks guns Hist horse hospodars hundred Hydra Ibrahim infantry inhabitants insurrection Ipsara Ipsilanti island janizaries July June land length loss Mahommedan massacre ment Miaulis military Missolonghi Moldavia Morea mountains Muscovites Mussulmans Napoli di Romania nation Navarino Omer-Vrione Osmanlis Ottoman Paskewitch Persians Porte provinces rampart Romania Russian sail Schumla ships sians siege Silistria soon Souliotes squadron St Petersburg strength Sublime Porte success Sultan thousand tion took town treaty Tripolitza troops Turkey Turkish Turks utmost Valentini vessels victory Wallachia whole

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Cité dans 354 livres de 1789 à 2006

Page 710 - That the maxim of buying in the cheapest market, and selling in the dearest, which regulates every merchant in his individual dealings, is strictly applicable, as the best rule for the trade of the whole nation.‎

Cité dans 167 livres de 1796 à 2008

Page 712 - But it is against every restrictive regulation of trade not essential to the revenue— against all duties merely protective from foreign competition — and against the excess of such duties as are partly for the purpose of revenue, and partly for that of protection — that the prayer of the present petition is respectfully submitted to the wisdom of parliament.‎

Cité dans 65 livres de 1796 à 2007

Page 693 - The act of navigation is not favourable to foreign commerce, or to the growth of that opulence which can arise from it.‎

Cité dans 134 livres de 1786 à 2008

Page 710 - ... every other country, each trying to exclude the productions of other countries, with the specious and well-meant design of encouraging its own productions ; thus inflicting on the bulk of its subjects, who are consumers, the necessity of submitting to privations in the quantity or quality of commodities; and thus rendering what ought to be the source of mutual benefit and of harmony among states, a constantly-recurring occasion of jealousy and hostility.‎

Cité dans 66 livres de 1796 à 2008

Page 94 - As soon as this notice was given, every family marched solemnly out of its dwelling, without tears or lamentation ; and the men, preceded by their priests and followed by their sons, proceeded to the sepulchres of their fathers, and silently unearthed and collected their remains, — which they placed upon a huge pile of wood which they had previously erected before one of their churches.‎

Cité dans 17 livres de 1820 à 1964

Page 67 - Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansions tread, And force a churlish soil for scanty bread. No product here the barren hills afford, But man and steel, the soldier and his sword...‎

Cité dans 99 livres de 1803 à 2005

Informations bibliographiques

Titre	History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII. Volume 3 de History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in MDCCCXV to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in MDCCCLII, Archibald Alison
Auteur	Archibald Alison
Éditeur	W. Blackwood & Sons, 1856
Original provenant de	la New York Public Library
Numérisé	7 août 2007

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