Trends in Field Theory ResearchNova Publishers, 2005 - 215 pages Gang activity in the United States has been traced to the early 19th century when youth gangs emerged from some immigrant populations. Now, as then, gangs provide identity and social relationships for some young people who feel marginalised by the dominant social, economic and cultural environments in which they live. Gangs, however, are not simply a "street family" to some of the nation's disenfranchised. As distinguished by the U.S. Department of Justice, "a group must be involved in a pattern of criminal acts to be considered a youth gang." Between 1980 and 1996, the U.S. experienced significant growth in youth gangs, when the number of cities and jurisdictions that reported gang problems rose from 2863 to approximately 4,800. From 1996 through 1998, the growth seemed to slow down, but according to the 1999 National Youth Gang Survey, the number of gang members is again on the rise. |
Table des matières
| 1 | |
Tensor Gauge Fields with the Mixed Symmetry of Rectangular TwoColumn Young Diagrams | 41 |
Topological Field Theories with NonSemisimple Gauge Group of Symmetry and Engineering of Topological Invariants | 61 |
Wavelet Based Regularization for Euclidean Field Theory and Stochastic Quantization | 103 |
NonHamiltonian Nature of Nucleon Dynamics in an Effective Field Theory | 117 |
Interactions Symmetry Breaking and Effective Fields from Quarks to Nuclei A Primer in Nuclear Theory | 155 |
Index | 211 |
Expressions et termes fréquents
action algebra amplitudes applications becomes behavior breaking BRST C-S field theories calculations called classical commutation commutation relations components condition consider constant construct contains coordinates correlation function corresponding defined definition deformed denotes density depends derivatives describe diagrams differential discussed dynamics effective elements energy equation evolution operator example expression fact force formalism gauge gauge field given gives Hamiltonian hence Hilbert space integral interaction introduce Lagrangian density leads limit link invariants low energy mass matrix means mechanics method noncommutative nuclear nucleon objects observables obtained parameter particles Phys physical possible potential present problem properties quantization quantum group quantum mechanics quark regularization representation represented requirement respect satisfies scale shown solution space structure symmetry tensor topological field theory topological invariants trajectories transformations usual vector wave function zero