tions, promises, and threatenings, have written on this subject as as if no decree existed. The con a controversy, but his comments nexion in which the doctrine is on scripture agree with the above introduced by the divines at Dor., statement. The following posiis to account for one sinner's be-tions are contained in the resolulieving and being saved rather tions of the synod of Dort, under than another; and such, the Cal- this head of doctrine:-" The vinists say, is the connexion which death of the Son of God is the it occupies in the scriptures. only and most perfect sacrifice With respect to the conditional and satisfaction for sins, of infipredestination admitted by the nite value and price, abundantly Armınians, they say that an elec- sufficient to expiate the sins of the tion upon faith or good works whole world.-The promise of the foreseen, is not that of the scrip- gospel is, that whosoever believeth tures; for that election is there in Christ crucified shall not perish, made the cause of faith and holi- but have everlasting life; which ness, and cannot, for this reason, promise, together with the combe the effect of them. With re-mand to repent and believe, ought gard to predestination to death, promiscuously and indiscriminatethey say, if the question be, ly to be published and proposed to Wherefore did God decree to pun- all people and individuals, to whom ish those who are punished? the God in his good pleasure sends the answer is, On account of their gospel. - Whereas, many who are sins. But if it be, Wherefore did called by the gospel do not repent he decree to punish them rather nor believe in Christ, but perish than others? there is no other in unbelief; this proceeds not reason to be assigned, but that so from any defect or insufficiency in it seemed good in his sight. Eph. i, the sacrifice of Christ offered on 3, 4. John vi, 37. Rom. viii, 29, the cross, but from their own 30. Acts xiii, 48. 1st Pet. i, 1. fault. As many as truly believe, Rom. ix, 15, 16. xi, 5, 6. and are saved by the death of

2. They maintain that though Christ from their sins, and from the death of Christ be a most per- destruction, have to ascribe it to fect sacrifice, and satisfaction for the mere favour of God, which he sins, of infinite value, abundantly owes to no one, given them in sufficient to expiate the sins of the Christ from eternity. For it whole world; and though on this was the most free counsel, and ground the gospel is to be preach-gracious will and intention of ed to all mankind indiscriminately; God the Father, that the quickyet it was the will of God that ening and saving efficacy of the Christ, by the blood of the cross, most precious death of his Son should efficaciously redeem all should exert itself in all the those, and those only, who werelect, to give unto them only from eternity elected to salvation, justifying faith, and by it to and given to him by the Father. conduct them infallibly to salCalvin does not appear to vation; that is, it was the will of God that Christ, by the blood of his posterity; and which corrupthe cross, whereby he confirmed tion extends over the whole soul, the new covenant, should efficaci- and renders it unable to turn to ously redeem out of every people, God, or to do any thing truly tribe, nation, and language, all good, and exposes it to his rightethose, and those only, who were ous displeasure, both in this world from eternity elected to salva- and that which is to come. tion, and given to him by the Fa- The explanation of original sin, as given by Calvin, is as follows:

ther."

These positions they appear to "Original sin seems to be the inhave considered as not only a de- heritable descending perverseness claration of the truth, but an an-and corruption of our nature, swer to the arguments of the Re- poured abroad into all the parts of the soul, which first maketh us

monstrants.

In proof of the doctrine, they deserving of God's wrath, and allege among others the following then also bringeth forth those scripture passages : "Thou hast works in us, called, in scripture, given him power over all flesh, the works of the flesh. These two that he should give eternal life to things are distinctly to be noted, as many as thou hast given him. that is, that, being thus in all parts The good shepherd giveth his life of our nature corrupted and perfor the sheep. I lay down my life verted, we are now, even for such for the sheep. He died not for corruption only, holden worthy of that nation only, but that he might damnation, and stand convicted gather together in one the children before God, to whom nothing is of God that are scattered abroad.- acceptable but righteousness, inHe gave himself for us, that he nocence, and purity. And yet we might redeem us from all iniquity, are not bound in respect of anoand purify unto himself a peculiar ther's fault; for where it is said people, zealous of good works. - He that by the sin of Adam we are loved the church, and gave himself made subject to the judgment of for it, that he might sanctify and God, Rom. v, 18, it is not so to cleanse it, and present it to him- be taken, as if we, innocent and self, &c. And they sang a new undeserving, did bear the blame of song, saying, Thou art worthy; for his fault; but as, in consequence thou wast slain, and hast redeemed of his offence, we are ultimately us to God by thy blood, out of clothed with the curse, therefore every kindred, and tongue, and it is said that he hath bound us. people, and nation." John xvii, Nevertheless from him not the 2. x, 11, 15. xi, 52. Tit. ii, 14. punishment only came upon us, Eph. v, 25, 27. Rev. v, 9. but also the infection distilled from

3. They maintain that mankind him abideth in us, to the which the are totally depraved, in conse- punishment is justly due." quence of the fall of the first man, The resolutions of the divines who, being their public head, his at Dort on this head contain the sin involved the corruption of all following positions.

"Such as

man was after the fall, such chil-were by nature the children of dren did he beget-corruption wrath, even as others." Rom. v, by the righteous judgment of 12-19. Ps. li, 5. Gen. vi, 5. Ps. God being derived from Adam liii, 2, 3. Rom. iii. Eph. ii, 1-3. to his posterity-not by imitation, 4. They maintain that all whom but by the propagation of a vicious God hath predestinated unto life, nature. Wherefore all men are he is pleased, in his appointed time, conceived in sin, and are born the effectually to call by his word and children of wrath, unfit for every spirit out of that state of sin and good connected with salvation, death in which they are by nature, prone to evil, dead in sins, and to grace and salvation by Jesus the servants of sin; and without Christ.

the Holy Spirit regenerating them, They admit that the Holy Spirit, they neither will nor can return to as calling men by the ministry of God, amend their depraved na- the gospel, may be resisted; and tures, nor dispose themselves for that were this is the case, "the its amendment. fault is not in the gospel, nor in

In proof of this doctrine, the Christ offered by the gospel, nor Calvinists allege, among other in God calling by the gospel, and scripture passages, the following: also conferring various gifts upon " By one man sin entered into them; but in the called themthe world, and death by sin; and selves. They contend, however, so death passed upon all men, for that where men come at the dithat all have sinned. By one vine call, and are converted, it is man's disobedience many were not to be ascribed to themselves, made sinners. I was born in sin, as though by their own free will and shapen in iniquity.-God saw they made themselves to differ, that the wickedness of man was but merely to him who delivers great upon the earth, and that them from the power of darkness, every imagination of his heart was and translates them into the kingonly evil continually. - God looked dom of his dear Son, and whose down from heaven upon the chil-regenerating influence is certain dren of men, to see if there were and efficacious."

any that did understand, that did In proof of this doctrine the Calseek God. Every one of them is vinists allege, among others, the folgone back; they are altogether be-lowing scripture passages: "Whom come filthy; there is none that doeth he did predestinate, them he also good, no not one. - And you hath called; and whom he called, them he quickened who were dead in he also glorified. That ye may trespasses and sins. Wherein in know what is the exceeding greattime past ye walked according to ness of his power to us-ward who the course of this world-among believe, according to the working whom also we all had our conver- of his mighty power, which he sation in times past, in the lust of wrought in Christ when he raised our flesh, fulfilling the desires of him from the dead.-Not of works, the flesh and of the mind; and least any man should boast. For we are his workmanship, created in born of God. They went out Christ Jesus unto good works. - from us, but they were not of us; God, that commanded the light to for if they had been of us, they shine out of darkness, hath shined would have continued with us: into our hearts, &c.-I will take but they went out, that they might away the stony heart out of their be made manifest that they were flesh, and will give them hearts of not all of us.--Now unto him flesh." Rom. viii, 29. Eph. i, 19, that is able to keep you from falling, 20. ii, 9, 10. 2d Cor. iv, 6. Ezek. and to present you faultless before xxxvi, 26. the presence of his glory with ex

5. Lastly: They maintain that ceeding joy, to the only wise God those whom God hath effectually our Saviour, be glory and majesty, called, and sanctified by his Spi- dominion and power, both now and rit, shall never finally fall from ever, amen." Jer. xxxii, 40. Mark a state of grace. They admit xvi, 16. John iv, 14. vi, 40. xvii, that true believers may fall par- 3. 1st John iii, 9. ii, 19. Jude 24, tially, and would fall totally and 25.

finally but for the mercy and faith- Such were the doctrines of the fulness of God, who keepeth the old Calvinists, and such in subfeet of his saints; also, that he stance are those of the present who bestoweth the grace of per- times. In this, however, as in severance, bestoweth it by means every other denomination, there are of reading and hearing the word, considerable shades of difference. meditation, exhortations, threat- Some think Calvin, though right enings, and promises; but that in the main, yet carried things too none of these things imply the pos- far; these are commonly known sibility of a believer's falling from by the name of Moderate Calvinists. a state of justification. Others think he did not go far

In proof of this doctrine they enough; and these are known by allege the following among other the name of High Calvinists. scripture passages :-" I will put It is proper to add, that the my fear in their hearts, and they Calvinistic system includes in it shall not depart from me.--He that the doctrine of three co-ordinate believeth, and is baptized, shall be persons in the Godhead, in one nasaved. The water that I shall ture, and of two natures in Jesus give him shall be in him a well of Christ, forming one person. Juswater springing up into everlasting tification by faith alone, or justilife.--This is the Father's will, fication by the imputed righteousthat of all which he hath given me ness of Christ, forms also an esI should lose nothing. This is sential part of this system. They life eternal, to know thee, the suppose that on the one hand our only true God, and Jesus Christ sins are imputed to Christ, and on whom thou hast sent. Whosoever the other that we are justified by is born of God doth not commit the imputation of Christ's rightesin, for his seed remaineth in him; ousness to us, that is, Christ, the and he cannot sin, because he is innocent, was treated by God as if he were guilty, that we, thel those among whom this revival guilty, might, out of regard to has taken place are not of the what he did and suffered, be treat-established church, they have been ed as if we were innocent and treated with indifference by the righteous. clergy, and called Haldanists.

Calvinism originally subsisted in Calvin considered every church its greatest purity in the city of as a separate and independent Geneva; from which place it was body, invested with the power first propagated into Germany, of legislation for itself. He proFrance, the United Provinces, and posed that it should be governed Britain. In France it was abolish- by presbyteries and synods comed by the edict of Nantz, in 1685. posed of clergy and laity, withIt has been the prevailing religion out bishops, or any clerical suborin the United Provinces ever since dination; and maintained that 1571. The theological system of the province of the civil magisCalvin was adopted and made trate extended only to its protecthe public rule of faith in Eng-tion and outward accommodaland under the reign of Edward tion. He acknowledged a real VI. The church of Scotland also though spiritual presence of Christ was modelled by John Knox, in the eucharist; and he confined agreeably to the doctrine, rites, the privilege of communion to and form of ecclesiastical govern-pious and regenerate believers. ment established at Geneva. In These sentiments, however, are England, Calvinism had been on not imbibed by all who are called the decline from the time of Calvinists.

queen Elizabeth until about sixty See Calvin's Institutes; Life of years ago, when it was again re- Calvin; Brine's Tracts; Jonathan vived, and has been on the increase Edwards's Works; Gill's Cause of ever since. The major part of the God and Truth; Toplady's Historic clergy, indeed, are not Calvinists, Proof and Works at large; Assemthough the articles of the church bly's Catechism; Fuller's Calvinistic of England are Calvinistical. It and Socinian Systems compared. deserves to be remarked, how- CAMALDOLITES, an order ever, that Calvinism is preached founded by St. Romuald, an Italian in a considerable number of the fanatic, in the eleventh century. churches in London; in nearly all The manner of life he enjoined his the dissenting meetings of the Pres-disciples to observe was this:-byterians, Baptists, and Independ-They dwelt in separate cells, and ents; and in all the chapels of met together only at the time of Whitfield, Lady Huntingdon, and prayer. Some of them, during others of that class. In Scotland it the two Lents in the year, observed continues also to exist as the esta- an inviolable silence, and others blished religion; and within a few for the space of a hundred days. years it has much revived in that On Sundays and Thursdays they country, through the influence of fed on herbs, and the rest of the Mr. Haldane and others; but as week only on bread and water.