POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. DEFINITION.-Possessive pronouns convey to the mind the notion that the noun which they replace is the property of a person or a thing: they are of the first, second, and third person. Rule 59.-Possessive pronouns agree in number and gender with the noun which they replace, but they are of the same person as the possessor. They are declined thus: Possessive Pronouns, Nominative and Accusative. Rule 60.- When the possessive pronouns appear after the verb être (to be), they are generally rendered in French thus: à la vôtre, à la leur, this practical grammar is mine or my own, cette grammaire pratique est à moi. N.B.—à moi, à toi, à lui, &c., are also used for the sake of emphasis: he is my own son, but not your slave, il est mon fils à moi, mais non pas votre esclave. * le mien, le tien, le sien, &c., also mean my own, thy own, &c. t du mien, du tien, du sien, &c., also mean some of mine, some of thine, &c. The possessive adjective "his," son, sa, ses (page 26), must not be mistaken for the possessive pronoun "his," le sien; the former always precedes a noun, the latter is used instead of a noun. Indicative Mood, Present Tense, of the Verb AIMER, to like. J'aime votre salade, et vous aimez la mienne.-Je parle de votre ami, et vous parlez du mien.-Vous avez donné du mouton à votre voisin et au mien.-Vous aimez les sauces de votre cuisinier, et moi, j'aime les sauces du sien.-J'aime la moutarde de notre épicier et la moutarde du leur.-Vous aimez la soupe grasse de notre cuisinière et la soupe maigre de la sienne. -Vous parlez du bœuf de votre boucher et du mouton du mien.-Vous parlez de votre potage au vermicelle; mon potage, à moi, est le meilleur de toute la ville.-Les ragoûts de Marianne sont bons, les siens, à elle, sont bien meilleurs.-Les enfants du maître de français sont studieux, mais les leurs sont paresseux.-Donnezmoi de votre vinaigre et du sien.-Ils ont une maison à eux.Les propriétés sont à lui et à elle.-J'aime mon pain et le leur. Progressive Exercise 19. I like your dinner, your | side-dishes | are excellent; diner m. p. his was était bad, the | roast beef was burnt.-Your oil is good, mine is était brûlé bon better. We like your compositions and theirs.-Your plates meilleur Rule 22, 1stly are better than ours. Rule 22 que f. too fat.—He has given us a splendid dinner, but I like yours Rule 55 superbe trop gras also. This salad is very nice, but I like theirs.-You speak of my tumblers and of his.-I give books to my children and to yours. Rule 12 enfants * The gherkins, butter, radishes, anchovies, &c., are hors d'œuvre, which means literally, out of, or besides, the usual courses of a dinner. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. DEFINITION.-Demonstrative pronouns precisely and particularly point out the nouns which they replace. Rule 61.-Demonstrative pronouns agree in number and gender with the nouns which they replace. They are— Mas. sing. Fem.sing. Mas. plu. Fem.plu. this or that, these or those, before être ce. he, she, it, they, this or that, these or those,* this one, these ones, that one, those ones, this (indefinite), ceux-ci, celles-ci. ceux-là, celles-là. ceci, ... that (indefinite), Rule 62.-Ce is an unchangeable demonstrative pronoun, used chiefly in connection with the verb être, "to be," in which case it often stands instead of he, she, it, or they, in English. Ce is also used before étre, instead of il, "it," whenever it is requisite to point out more forcibly than il would. it is you or I. Rule 63.-Celui, celle, ceux, celles, are used to replace and point out nouns previously expressed. EXAMPLE. you have my picture and my brother's, (There is no possessive case in French, therefore you should read--) you have my picture and that of my brother, vous avez mon tableau et celui de mon frère. Rule 64.-Celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci, and celui-là, cellelà, ceux-là, celles-là, are used to replace nouns when it is requisite to establish contrast or distinction; but ci and là should not be used when distinction is established by some other distinctive expression. SAY: EXAMPLES. I give you this book and my sister's, je vous donne ce livre et celui de ma sœur. DO NOT SAY:-je vous donne ce livre et celui-là de ma sœur. we have two melons; you carry this one, and I carry that one, nous avons deux melons; vous portez celui-ci, et je porte celui-là. Rule 65.-Ceci and cela stand literally for "this thing” and "that thing;" they are used instead of nouns not previously expressed. * The demonstrative adjectives "this, that, these, those," ce, cet, cette, ces (page 28), must not be mistaken for the demonstrative pronouns "this, that, these, those,' celui, celle, ceux, celles. The former are always prefixed to a noun, the latter are used instead of a noun. f. noix, m. marron, ƒ. chataigne, pumpkin. melon. water-melon. grenade. fig. cucumber. gherkin. pistachio. almond. walnut. hazel-nut. chestnut. chestnut. Indicative Mood, Present Tense, of the Verb FINIR, to finish. we finish. you finish. they finish. Progressive Reading and Translation 20. Je finis la récolte des framboises de ce carré-ci et de celui-là.Tu finis de porter ces poires-ci et celles-là, dans la chambre des provisions. Ces raisins-ci et ceux-là sont beaux.-Ce sont de superbes groseilles.-C'est une grosse pêche.—Vous m'avez donné les figues de Jules et celles de François.-Vous finissez de porter ces poires et ces pommes dans cette armoire-ci et dans celle-là.Cet abricot est mûr, celui-là est vert.-Quel malheur! il a donné toutes ces cerises-ci et toutes celles de Joseph.-Ces coings sont meilleurs que ceux du jardin de cette vieille femme.-Je finis ceci et vous finissez cela.-Ceci est beau, cela est vilain.-C'est une belle action.-Ce marron est rond, celui-là a une drôle de forme.-Voilà des pastèques, je vous donne celle-ci.--Je parle de mes concombres et de ceux du jardinier Jacques; ce sont les plus beaux concombres du village. Voici le soleil, voilà la lune. Progressive Exercise 20. N.B.-The demonstrative expressions “here is, here are; this is, these are, are rendered by "voici ;" and "there is, there are; that is, those are," by "voilà.” You have my strawberries and those of my friend. you the cherries of his garden and of that one. He dener. You finish my walnuts and I finish my He gives is a gar Rule 62 brother's.-I have had some of your almonds, and you have had de Rule 63 some of | de my cousin's. You give me | some of these gooseberries and (read, those of my cousin) de | some of those. I like these grapes and those.-Here is a man in the park. This is yours; that is mine. RELATIVE PRONOUNS. DEFINITIONS.-Relative pronouns relate to nouns or pronouns expressed in the same sentence, and with which they are therefore in immediate connection. Relative pronouns are UNINFLECTED or InflecTED. Rule 66.—Relative pronouns of the uninflected form are SUBJECTS OF OBJECTS, but do not change for gender and number; those of the inflected form agree in GENDER and NUMBER with the noun or pronoun to which they relate; these pronouns are declined thus: UNINFLECTED. Both gender who, which, INFLECTED. and number. Mas.sing. Mas.plur. Fem. sing. Fem. plur. lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles. duquel, desquels, de laquelle, desquelles. auquel, auxquels, à laquelle, auxquelles. lequel, lesquels, laquelle, lesquelles. no inflected form. to whom, to which,. . à qui, whom, which, what, que, in which, from which, you, to which, where, &c. no inflected form. Rule 67.-Qui is used as SUBJECT or nominative case, and que as OBJECT or accusative case with reference to both persons and things: qui and que also stand for "that," used relatively, in the place of "who," "whom," and "which." Rule 69.-Dont is generally used for "whose,” but it cannot as in English be prefixed to a noun, except when used in connection with the verb être, to be, in which case the English sentence is translated literally. EXAMPLE. the book whose preface I finish: (read,) the book of which I finish the preface, the lady whose voice is so sweet is my sister, |