The Structure of Biological ScienceCambridge University Press, 25 janv. 1985 - 281 pages Preface p. ix Chapter 1 Biology and Its Philosophy p. 2 1.1 The Rise of Logical Positivism p. 2 1.2 The Consequences for Philosophy p. 4 1.3 Problems of Falsifiability p. 6 1.4 Philosophy of Science Without Positivism p. 8 1.5 Speculation and Science p. 10 Introduction to the Literature p. 11 Chapter 2 Autonomy and Provincialism p. 13 2.1 Philosophical Agendas versus Biological Agendas p. 13 2.2 Motives for Provincialism and Autonomy p. 18 2.3 Biological Philosophies p. 21 2.4 Tertium Datur? p. 25 2.5 The Issues in Dispute p. 30 2.6 Steps in the Argument p. 34 Introduction to the Literature p. 35 Chapter 3 Teleology and the Roots of Autonomy p. 37 3.1 Functional Explanations in Molecular Biology p. 39 3.2 The Search for Functions p. 43 3.3 Functional Laws p. 47 3.4 Directively Organized Systems p. 52 3.5 The Autonomy of Teleological Laws p. 59 3.6 The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Functional Explanation p. 62 3.7 Functional Explanation Will Always Be with Us p. 65 Introduction to the Literature p. 67 Chapter 4 Reductionism and the Temptation of Provincialism p. 69 4.1 Motives for Reductionism p. 69 4.2 A Triumph of Reductionism p. 73 4.3 Reductionism and Recombinant DNA p. 84 4.4 Antireductionism and Molecular Genetics p. 88 4.5 Mendel's Genes and Benzer's Cistrons p. 93 4.6 Reduction Obstructed p. 97 4.7 Qualifying Reductionism p. 106 4.8 The Supervenience of Mendelian Genetics p. 11 4.9 Levels of Organization p. 117 Introduction to the Literature p. 119 Chapter 5 The Structure of Evolutionary Theory p. 121 5.1 Is There an Evolutionary Theory? p. 122 5.2 The Charge of Tautology p. 126 5.3 Population Genetics and Evolution p. 130 5.4 Williams's Axiomatization of Evolutionary Theory p. 136 5.5 Adequacy of the Axiomatization p. 144 Introduction to the Literature p. 152 Chapter 6 Fitness p. 154 6.1 Fitness Is Measured by Its Effects p. 154 6.2 Fitness As a Statistical Propensity p. 160 6.3 The Supervenience of Fitness p. 164 6.4 The Evidence for Evolution p. 169 6.5 The Scientific Context of Evolutionary Theory p. 174 Introduction to the Literature p. 179 Chapter 7 Species p. 180 7.1 Operationalism and Theory in Taxonomy p. 182 7.2 Essentialism--For and Against p. 187 7.3 The Biological Species Notion p. 191 7.4 Evolutionary and Ecological Species p. 197 7.5 Species Are Not Natural Kinds p. 201 7.6 Species As Individuals p. 204 7.7 The Theoretical Hierarchy of Biology p. 212 7.8 The Statistical Character of Evolutionary Theory p. 216 7.9 Universal Theories and Case Studies p. 219 Introduction to the Literature p. 225 Chapter 8 New Problems of Functionalism p. 226 8.1 Functionalism in Molecular Biology p. 228 8.2 The Panglossian Paradigm p. 235 8.3 Aptations, Exaptations, and Adaptations p. 243 8.4 Information and Action Among the Macromolecules p. 246 8.5 Metaphors and Molecules p. 255 Bibliography p. 266 Index p. 273. |
Table des matières
Biology and Its Philosophy | 1 |
11 The Rise of Logical Positivism | 2 |
12 The Consequences for Philosophy | 4 |
13 Problems of Falsifiability | 6 |
14 Philosophy of Science Without Positivism | 8 |
15 Speculation and Science | 10 |
Introduction to the Literature | 11 |
Autonomy and Provincialism | 13 |
The Structure of Evolutionary Theory | 121 |
51 Is There an Evolutionary Theory? | 122 |
52 The Charge of Tautology | 126 |
53 Population Genetics and Evolution | 130 |
54 Williamss Axiomatization of Evolutionary Theory | 136 |
55 Adequacy of the Axiomatization | 144 |
Introduction to the Literature | 152 |
Fitness | 154 |
22 Motives for Provincialism and Autonomy | 18 |
23 Biological Philosophies | 21 |
24 Tertium Datur? | 25 |
25 The Issues in Dispute | 30 |
26 Steps in the Argument | 34 |
Introduction to the Literature | 35 |
Teleology and the Roots of Autonomy | 37 |
31 Functional Explanations in Molecular Biology | 39 |
32 The Search for Functions | 43 |
33 Functional Laws | 47 |
34 Directively Organized Systems | 52 |
35 The Autonomy of Teleological Laws | 59 |
36 The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Functional Explanation | 62 |
37 Functional Explanation Will Always Be with Us | 65 |
Introduction to the Literature | 67 |
Reductionism and the Temptation of Provincialism | 69 |
42 A Triumph of Reductionism | 73 |
43 Reductionism and Recombinant DNA | 84 |
44 Antireductionism and Molecular Genetics | 88 |
45 Mendels Genes and Benzers Cistrons | 93 |
46 Reduction Obstructed | 97 |
47 Qualifying Reductionism | 106 |
48 The Supervenience of Mendelian Genetics | 111 |
49 Levels of Organization | 117 |
Introduction to the Literature | 119 |
62 Fitness As a Statistical Propensity | 160 |
63 The Supervenience of Fitness | 164 |
64 The Evidence for Evolution | 169 |
65 The Scientific Context of Evolutionary Theory | 174 |
Introduction to the Literature | 179 |
Species | 180 |
71 Operationalism and Theory in Taxonomy | 182 |
72 Essentialism For and Against | 187 |
73 The Biological Species Notion | 191 |
74 Evolutionary and Ecological Species | 197 |
75 Species Are Not Natural Kinds | 201 |
76 Species As Individuals | 204 |
77 The Theoretical Hierarchy of Biology | 212 |
78 The Statistical Character of Evolutionary Theory | 216 |
79 Universal Theories and Case Studies | 219 |
Introduction to the Literature | 225 |
New Problems of Functionalism | 226 |
81 Functionalism in Molecular Biology | 228 |
82 The Panglossian Paradigm | 235 |
83 Aptations Exaptations and Adaptations | 243 |
84 Information and Action Among the Macromolecules | 246 |
85 Metaphors and Molecules | 255 |
266 | |
273 | |
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Expressions et termes fréquents
actual adaptationalist adaptive alternative amino acids anagenesis appeal argument autonomism autonomists axiom axiomatization behavior biochemical biologists breeding experiments causal chemical chemistry chromosome cistron claims complex components course crucial cytosine Darwin Darwinian subclan definition describe differences directively organized system disjunction distinct effects empirical environment enzymes epistemological evolutionary theory explain explanatory fact function genome glycogen goal Gould hemoglobin identify independent individual interactions introns large number level of fitness Lewontin logical matter Mayr meiosis Mendel's laws Mendelian gene metaphysical molecular biology molecular genetics mutation natural selection Newtonian mechanics nonteleological operation oxygen phenotypes philosophy of biology Philosophy of Science physical science population predictive primary sequence principle problem produce properties protein provincialists punctuated equilibrium question reduction reductionism reductionists reflect reproductive isolation result scientific theory selfish speciation species notion statements strategy structure subsystems supervenient systematic taxonomy teleological theoretical theory of natural thymine tion traits uracil