ae'haif.

aal..těhi..vō'w ki..aa'hi'nu vēsārē'nū hua. wa'-yishmĕou 2not..'let-4be..upon-him; for..2our-brother 3and-our-flesh 1he-is. And-2were-contentt wa'-yaoavru aǎnashim' midyānīm' çō'hărim' wa'his-brethren. (28) Then-there-passed-by [men] Midianites, merchantmen; andyimshe'ku' wa'-yaoǎlu' aeth..yowçeph' min..ha'-bour wa'-yimkěru they-drew and-lifted-up Joseph out-of..the-pit, aeth..yowçeph' la'-yishměoēalīmʼ bě-oesrīm kāçeph wa'to-the-Ishmeelites for-twenty-pieces-of silver:

and-sold

Joseph

and

yāvī'au aeth..yōwçēph' mitzra'yĕmāh.

they-brought

wa'-ya'shov reaūvēn into-Egypt. (29) And-2returned

Reuben

ael..ha'-bowr

unto..the-pit;

aeth..begādāif'.

Joseph
we-hi'nēh aēin..yōwçēph' ba'-bōwr wa'-yiqra'o
and,-behold, 2not..'Joseph-was in-the-pit;

and-he-rent

wa'-ya'shov ael..ae'haif' wa'-yōamar ha'his-clothes. (30) And-he-returned unto..his-brethren, and-said, The

ye'led aēiné'nu wa-aănī aa'nāh aǎnī..va'a.

wa'-yiq'hu' aeth..

and-I, whither shall-I..go?

(31) And-they-took

oi'zīm wa'-yiтbělū

kĕthōneth yōwçeph' wa'-yish'haтu' seoir the-coat-of Joseph,

aeth..ha'-ku'tōneth ba'-dām

the-coat

in-the-blood; (32) and-they-sent

ha'-pa'çīm wa'-yāvï'au ael..aǎvīhem' wa'-yōaměru zōath

'the-many-colours, and-they-brought it to..their-father; mātza'anu ha'ker..nāa ha'-kethōneth bin'ka hiwa aim..low. have-we-found: know §..now whether-the-coat-of wa'-ya'kīrāhh' wa'-yo'amer kĕthōneth (33) And-he-knew-it, and-said, It is the-coat-of aǎ'kala'thěhū Tārōph

běni 'ha'yah' raoah' my-son; 2beast 1an-evil Tōraph' youçeph. wa'-yiqra'o hath-devoured-him: 2in-rending-to-pieces 3is-rent-in-pieces || 'Joseph. (34) And-2rent ||

yaoaqōv simlōthaif' wa'-ya'sem saq be-mothnaif wa'-yithaa'bēl his-clothes, and-put

Jacob

oal..běnow yāmīm' raʼbīm.

for..his-son

sackcloth upon-his-loins,

and-mourned

wa'-yaqumu' 'kol..banaif' we-'kol.. 2days 'many. (35) And-rose-up 1all..'his-sons

English Version. 33 Joseph is without doubt rent in pieces.

3and-all..

* The Samaritan has ū-věsārē'nū, "and our flesh," with which the Lxx. and Vulgate agree.

+ Literally, heard, or hearkened, low, to him, understood: the Vulgate has sermonibus illius, "to his words."

Properly, a buck, or he-goat, synonymous with ta'yish,-literally, the rough or hairy one, so called from its shaggy hair; so Greek, τpáyog, a he-gout, from paxis, rough; and Latin hircus, "a he-goat," from hirtus, " rough." The fem. is seoirah, and oēz, a she-goat; which latter is also used as the name of the species: a kid is gědi.

Properly, to perceive, know again, acknowledge, noscere, ugnoscere, different from yādao, to know, understand, scire; and bin or bun, to distinguish, discern, understand, dignoscere, dijudicare.

raraph is to tear in pieces, ravin, properly as wild animals; qarao, to rend, tear in pieces, particularly clothes, as a sign of mourning.

běnōthaif' le-na'hămōw wa-yemaaen' lě-hithna'hem wa'-yo'amer his-daughters to-comfort-him ; but-he-refused to-be-comforted; and-he-said,

ki..aērēd' ael..běnī aāvēl sheaō'lāh. wa'-yēvk' aōthō'w For..I-will-go-down unto..3my-son 4mourning 'into-the-grave.' Thus-?wept for-him aāvif'. wě-ha'-mědānīm' mā'kĕru' aothōw ael..mitzrāyim le1his-father. (36) And-the-Midianites sold

him t

into..Egypt, unto

phōwrīphar' çĕriç paroōh sar ha'-Ta'ba'him'. Potiphar, an-officer-of

Pharaoh, and-captain-of the-guard.§

Wa-yĕhi

CHAP. XXXVIII.

bā-oeth' ha-hi'wa wa'-ye'red yěhūdāh' mē-aeth' (1) And-it-came-to-pass at-2time [the-]'that, that-went-down 'Judah from [-with] ae'haif wa'-yer' oad..aish oǎdu'lāmī ū-shěmōw 'hirah'. his-brethren, and-turned-in to..a-certain-man, an-Adullamite; and-his-name was Hirah. wa'-yara..sham' yehudah' bath..aish kĕnaoǎnī ū(2) And-2saw..3there 1Judah the-daughter-of..a-certain-man, a-Canaanite; andshěmō'w shuao wa'-yi'qā'he'hā wa'-yāvō'a aēlei'hā. his-name was Shuah; and-he-took-her, and-went-in unto-her. ta'har wa'-teled bēn wa'-yiqra'a aeth..shěmōw oēr. she-conceived, and-bare a-son; and-he-called ||

his-name Er.

wa'(3) And

wa'

(4) And

ta'har oowd wa'-teled bēn wa'-tiqraa aeth..shěmōw aōwnān'. she-conceived again, and-bare a-son; and-she-called

wa'-tōçeph oowd

his-name

Onan.

wa'-tēled bēn wa'-tiqraa aeth..shemōw

(5) And-she-added again to-conceive, and-bare a-son; and-[she-]called
shēlāh'. wě-hāyāh' vi-'kzīv bě-lidtāhh aōthō'w.
and-he-was at-Chezib, when-she-bare him.

Shelah :

his-name

wa'-yi'qa'h' (6) And-2took

English Version. Chap. xxxviii. 1 to a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah. 2 a daughter of a certain Canaanite, whose name was Shuah. 5 and she yet again conceived.

* Rather, hades, or the invisible state, dns, infernum, as Lxx. and Vulgate render; for it is evident that Jacob could not expect to go to his son into the grave, when he thought he had been devoured by a wild beast. A grave or sepulchre is expressed by qe'ver or qěvurah, from qavar, to cover, bury.

The Samaritan has aeth..yōwçeph', "Joseph," with which the Lxx. and Vulgate

agree.

çariç, from the Arabic sari'sa, impotens esse ad venerem, properly denotes a eunuch; but as they were, as they still are, in the East, employed particularly as keepers of the harem, and were frequently advanced to the highest offices in the state, it hence came to denote a chamberlain, or courtier, generally.

§ ra'bah, from ravah, to slaughter, properly denotes a slaughter-man, butcher; and hence a cook, (1 Sam. ix. 23, 24,) and an executioner, or one who inflicts capital punishment, which task in the East devolved on the body guards of the king. Hence Potiphar, the captain of the guard, was also the king's chief executioner, like the Captain Pasha of the Ottoman Porte.

The Samaritan has wa'-tiqraa, "and she called;" as in ver. 4 and 5.

wa-věhī oēr bekōwr yěhūdāh' rao (7) And-4was 'Er, the-first-born-of Judah, evil

yĕmithē'hū yěhōwāh'.

'Jehovah.

2slew-him
ael..aesheth aa'hi kā
thy-brother,

unto..the-wife-of

le-aa'hi"kā.

ū-shěmahh' tāmār'.

and-her-name was Tamar.

bě-oeinei' yehōwah' wain-the-eyes-of Jehovah ; and

her,

bōa unto-Onan, Go-in

seed

wa'-yo'amer yehūdāh' le-aōwnān' (8) And-❜said Judah wě-ya'bēm aōthāhh' wě-haqem' ze'rao and-marry * and-raise-up wa'-yēdao aōwnan' kī lōa lōw yihěyeh' ha'-zārao to-thy-brother. (9) And-3knew 'Onan that not 5his 2should-4be 'the-seed; wě-hāyāh' aim..bāa ael..aesheth aa'hif' wě-shi'heth and-it-came-to-pass, when..he-went-in unto..the-wife-of his-brother, that-he-spilled t-it aa'rětzāh lě-viltī něthon..ze'rao le-aa hif'. wa'-ye'rao on-the-ground, lest-that he-should-give..seed to-his-brother. (10) And-was-evil bě-oeinei' yéhōwah' aǎsher oāsah' wa'-ya'meth gam..aotho'w. 'in-the-eyes-of Jehovah 1the-thing-which 'he-did: wherefore-he-slew wa'-yo'amer yehudah' lě-thāmār ka'lathō'w shěvī aalmānāh' (11) Then-said Judah to-Tamar his-daughter-in-law, Remain a-widow at vēith..aavi'k' oad..yigdal' shēlāh′ věnī kī aāmar the-house-of..thy-father, till..3be-grown 'Shelah yamuth' gam..hūa kě-ae'hāif.

2die

beith

2also..'him.

pen..

ny-son: for he-said, Lest-peradventure.. wa'-tēle'k tāmār' wa'-tēshev

Balso..'he, as-his-brethren did. And-2went 'Tamar and-dwelt in

aāvi'hā.

wa'-yirbu' ha'-yāmīm' wa'-tāmoth

the-house-of her-father. (12) And-were-multiplied 2the-days

1when- died

bath..shuao aesheth..yehudah' wa'-yi'na'hem yehūdāh' wa'4che-daughter-of..5Shuah, "the-wife-of..7Judah; and-was-comforted

ya'oal oal..gōzězei

went-up unto..the-shearers-of

'Judah, and

tzōano'w hūa we-'hīrāh' rẽoē'hū hahis-sheep, he and-Hirah his-friend the

oǎdu'lami' timna'thāh. wa'-yu'gad' le-thāmār′ lēamōr' hi'nēh Adullamite, to-Timnath. (13) And-it-was-told [to-]Tamar, saying, Behold, 'hami'k' oōleh' thimna'thāh lā-gōz' tzōanō'w. wa'-taçar' thy-father-in-law goeth-up to-Timnath to-shear his-sheep. (14) And-she-put-off

English Version. 6 whose name was Tamar. 7 wicked in the sight of the LORD. 12 and up unto his sheep-shearers to Timnath, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite.

went

* yi'bēm is a denominative from yāvām', a levir, or husband's brother, and signifies, to perform the duty of a levir or husband's brother, by marrying his wife; and thus differs from bãoal, to marry, take a wife, which is also expressed by laqa'h ai'shah. Among modern eastern nations, this custom, which was certainly anterior to the law of Moses, still prevails; as among the Circassians, (see Olearius, Travels, lib. vii. May 20, 1638. p. 310.), Druses, and Arabians, Volney, Voyage en Syrie, tom, ii. p. 64, Niebuhr, Descript. de l'Arabie, p. 61.

+ Literally, corrupted, destroyed: compare the use of the synonymous Syriac word 'hval, in 1 Co. vi. 9, where m'havlea is put for the Greek μalakoì, effeminate persons, cata

mites.

bigdei aalměnūthāhh′ mē-oālei'hā wa’-te'kaç′ ba'-tzãoīph' wa'the-garments-of her-widowhood from-[upon-]her, and-covered-her with-a-veil,*

and

tithoa'laph wa'-tēshev bě-phé'hath oeina'yim aǎsher oal..de're'k wrapped-herself, and-sat in-the-gate-of Enajim, t which is by..the-way timna'thāh ki raaăthāh' ki..gadal' she'lah wě-hiwa lōa..ni'těnah' to-Timnath; for she-saw that.. was-grown 'Shelah, and-she 'not..'was-3given low le-ai'shāh. wa'-yirae'ha yehudah' wa'-ya'hshěve'ha lĕunto-him to-wife. (15) When-2saw-her 'Judah, [then-]he-thought-her to be [for-] zōwnah' ki 'ki'çethāh pānei'hā. wa'-yer' aelei'ha ael..ha'a-harlot; because she-had-covered her-face. (16) And-he-turned unto-her by..the. de're'k wa'-yo'amer hāvāh..'na'a aāvō'wa aēla'yi'k kī lōa yāda'o and-said, Go-to..I-pray-thee, let-me-come-in unto-thee ;(for 2not 'he-knew

way,

ki 'ka'lathō'w hiwa. wa'-tōamer mah..ti'ten..lī ki that his-daughter-in-law 'she-was.) And-she-said, What..wilt-thou-give..[to-]me, that

thāvō'wa

aēlāï'. wa'-yo'amer aanō'ki' aǎsha'la'h' gědi.. thou-mayest-come-in unto-me? (17) And-he-said, I

will-send-thee a-kid-of..

aelei'ha wa'-ta'har lōw. wa'-ta'qom wa'-tēle'k wa'-taçor unto-her; and-she-conceived by-him. (19) And-she-arose, and-went-away, and-laid-by tzěоīphāhh' mē-oālei'ha wa'-tilbash' bigdei aalměnūthāhh'. from-[upon-]her, and-put-on the-garments-of

her-veil

her-widowhood.

wa'-yishla'h' yehudah' aeth..gědī ha-oi'zīm' be-yad reoē'hu (20) And-2sent the-kid-of the-goats by-the-hand-of his-friend

'Judah

English Version. 14 and she put her widow's garments off from her and sat in an open place, marg, the door of eyes, or of Enajim. 20 and Judah sent the kid by the hand

of his friend.

* Probably the double veil, (see on chap. xxiv. 65.); and thus distinguished from maçweh and lowr, a covering, veil, which is also expressed by keçuth oeina'yim, a "covering for the eyes;" tza'mah, a veil, probably a thin transparent veil, Cant. iv. 1. Isa. xlvii. 2, where it is rendered locks: radid', rendered veil, Cant. v. 7. Isa. iii. 23, denotes a large thin upper garment worn by women, and thrown over their clothes when they go out; and mirpá hath, also rendered veil, Ru. iii. 15. Isa. iii. 22, is probably a wide loose garment

for women.

+ So Lxx. πрòç rãig núλaig Aivày: compare ver. 21, and Josh. xv. 34.

Properly a seal-ring, which we learn from Jer. xxii. 24. was, occasionally at least, worn on the hand.

Rather, (as pathil' denotes a thread, string, Num. xix. 15. Jud. xvi. 9.) the cord, ribbon, or collar, from which the seal-ring was suspended, as the Arabs still wear it. So Lxx. ὁρμίσκον, and Aquila and Symmachus, τρέπτου. The usual word for a bracelet is tzamid', ch. xxiv. 22, 47.

hā-oădu❜lāmī lā-qa'hath the-Adullamite,

hā-oērāvōwn' mi'-yad' hā-ai'shāh'

to-receive his [the-]pledge from-the-hand-of the-woman :

wě-lōa mětzāαāhh'. wa'-yishaal' aeth..aanshei

but-2not 'he-found-her. (21) Then-he-asked

A the-men-of that

měqōmāhh' [her-]place,

wa'-ya'shav

leamōr' aa'yēh' ha'-qědēshah' hiwa vā-oēina'yim oal..ha'-dāre'k. saying, Where is the-harlot* that was in-Enajim, by..the-way-side? wa'-yōaměru' loa..hayethāh' va-zeh' qědēshāh'. And-they-said, 2No..'there-was 4in-this-place 3harlot. (22) And-he-returned ael..yehudah' wa'-yo'amer loa mětzathi'hā wě-gam aanshei ha'to..Judah, and-said, 2Not 'I-can-find-her; and-also the-men-of the

māqōwm' aāmērū’' loa..hayethāh' vā-zeh' qědēshāh'. wa'place said, that no..there-was 4in-this-place зharlot. (23) Andyo'amer yehudah' ti'qa'h..lahh pen nihěyeh'

2said

la-vuz' hi'nēh 1Judah, Let-her-take-it..to-her, lest we-become [for-Ja-contempt: behold,

shala'h'ti ha'-gedi ha'-zeh' wě-aa'tāh lōa mětzaathāhh'. wa[the-]2kid [the-]'this, and-thou not 1hast-found-her. (24) And

I-sent

hārah'

ka'lāthé'kā wě-gam hi'neh thy-daughter-in-law; and-also, behold,

li-znūnīm'. wa'-yo'amer yehūdāh′ hōwtziaū'hā wě1Judah, Bring-her-forth, and

she-is-with-child by-whoredom.

And-2said

thisārēph. hiwa mutzeath' wě-hia shale'hah' ael..'hāmī'hā

let-her-be-burnt. (25) 2She-was brought-forth 'when,-1she sent to..her-father-in-law, leamor le-aīsh aǎsher..ae'leh low aano'ki harah' hārāh' wa'saying, By-the-man, whom..3these-belonged 1to-[him], 21 lam-3with-child andtōamer ha'ker..nāa le-mi ha-'hōthe'meth wě-ha'-pěthīlīm she-said, Discern..I-pray-thee, whose 2the-signet,

wě-ha'-ma'reh' ha-ae'leh.

wa'-ya'ker'

Sand-[the-]staff [the-]'these-are. (26) And-2acknowledged-them

:

Band-[the-14bracelets,

yěhūdāh' wa''Judah, and

'not..'I-gave-her

yo'amer tzādĕqāh mi'mé'ni ki..oal..ken' loa..nětha'ti'ha said, She-hath-been-righteous 'more-than-I; because..that lě-shēlāh' věnī. we-loa yaçaph' oowd lě-daotāhh.

to-Shelah

wa

my-son.t And-2not The-added again to-know-her. (27) Andvěhi bě-oeth lidtahh wě-hi'nēh theaōwmim' bě-viтnahh. wait-came-to-pass in-the-time-of her-travail, that-behold, twins were in-her-womb. (28) And

English Version. 25 by the man whose these are. 27 and he knew her again no more. * Literally, "one consecrated," i. e. by prostitution to the worship of some impure goddess, a common harlot being expressed by zounah', ver. 15. See Strabo, lib. viii. Herodotus, lib. i. 150, “ Comprehensive Bible in loco, and Parkhurst in qādash.

† In the East-Indies, among the Garrows, in failure of brothers, widows may lawfully marry the father; and it is not improbable that Tamar, in this instance, only acted according to custom. See Asiatic Researches, vol. iii. p. 35 the note in "The Comprehensive Bible," and Fragments to Calmet, nos. 83, 125.