others. De sometimes governs après, avec, en, entre, chez, par, près, auprès, 249.

The prep. to, which is often omitted in English, before the indirect regimen of a verb, must always be rendered in French, when that regimen is a subst. by à, or by the contraction of ù with the article аи, аих, 174.

The inversive construction, so frequent in English, by which the prep. governing a relative pron. is thrown to the end of a phrase, never takes place in French, 511.

For the present tense of the subjunctive mood, see SUBJUNCTIVE. Présentement, at present. Fr. présent, 291.

Presqu'île, peninsula.-L. 133. Formed of presque, almost, and île, island. Fem. 594, §2. The elision of the final e of presque takes place but in this compound.

Pressentir, to have a presentiment of. L. 95. V. irr. conjugated like sentir.

Prestige, fascination.-L. 109. Masc. by exc. 15.

Présupposer, to presuppose. The first s retains its sharp sound, though placed between two vowels,

exc. 15.

Près, near.-L. 20. When a prep. is generally followed by de.-May be governed by de, 249.

Prescrire, to prescribe.-L. 35. V. irr. conjugated like écrire.

Préséance, precedence.-The s retains its sharp sound, though placed between two vowels, 489, § 2.

Present tense. The pres. tense of the indicative mood is formed by changing the termination of the infinitive as follows: er into e, es, e, ons, ez, ent;— ir, into is, is, it, issons, issez, issent ;—re into s, s (blank), ons, ez, ent, 731.

The use of the pres. part. to signify that the action is instantaneous, is very uncommon in French; nor is there any such word as do or did, to give greater strength to an affirmation; so that these three modes of expression, He gives, He is giving, and He does give, have but one translation in French: Il donne, 91.

The present tense, used in English, to point out the relative time of a future action, must be rendered in French by the future, 376.

When a v. is preceded by an adv. or a conj. of time, as when, while, as soon as, etc., and when the future tense is implied from the reference of that v. to another v. in the future tense or in the imperative mood, the pres. tense, generally employed in English, must be rendered by the future tense in French, 549.

Prête-nom, person that lends his name.-Pi. prête-noms.

Prétérit, preterit.-The final t is pronounced by exc. 531.

Prétexte, pretext.-L. 55. Masc. by exc. 15, in its common acceptation. Fem. in the sense of prætexta.

Prévaloir, to prevail. - L. 85. V. irr. conjugated like valoir, except in the pres. tense of the subjunctive mood: Que je prévale, que tu prévales, qu'il prévale, que nous prévalions, que vous prévaliez, qu'ils prévalent.

Prévenir, to prevent, to forewarn.-L. 96. V. irr. conjugated like venir.

Prévoir, to foresee.-V. irr. conjugated like voir, except in the future tense and conditional mood, which are regular.

Prie-Dieu, fall-stool.-Does not vary in the pl.

Primatie, primacy. pronounced like s, 501, § 2. Principe, principle.

Masc. by exc. 15.

The t is

L. 133.

En, y.

les, eux,

leur

The personal pronouns, moi, toi, lui, elle, soi, nous, vous, eux, elles, combine with the adj. même, and acquire the following significations: Moi-même, myself; toi-même, thyself; lui-même, himself, itself; elle-même, herself, itself; soi-même, one's self; nous-même, ourself; nous-mêmes, ourselves; vous-même, yourself; vous-mêmes, yourselves; eux-mêmes, themselves; elles-mêmes, themselves, 541. These pronouns, sometimes necessary to avoid ambiguity (455), may also be used as mere expletives, for the sake of emphasis, 550.

A personal pron. used as a subject, generally precedes the v. in affirmative phrases. It may follow it, however, after the words: aussi, peutêtre, encore, toujours, en vain, du moins, au moins, à peine, 254.

The personal pron. precedes the v. not only when it is the subject, but

P. II.

also when it is the regimen, whether direct or indirect, 43.

The interrogative construction, when the subject is a pron. is formed by placing the subject after the v. The v. and pron. in this case are joined by a hyphen, 40.

The repetition of the subject pron. depends rather on the taste of the speaker than on any precise rule. Yet, it may be stated in a general way that the repetition of the pron. is more frequent in French than in English, 440.

The personal pron. when a regimen, must be repeated before each v. employed in a simple tense, 808.

In the imperative mood, the personal pron. which is the regimen of the v. is placed after it, when the phrase is not negative, 334. — But when the phrase is negative, the pron. precedes the v. 335.

The pronouns I, thou, he, she, it, we, you, they, are rendered by moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles, after a conj. when the v. which they govern is understood. But when the v. is expressed, the subject pronouns are Je, tu, il, elle, nous, vous, ils, elles, 553.

When he, him, she, her, they, them, do not refer to any person or persons mentioned before, but are used in an indefinite sense, they must be rendered by the demonstrative pronouns, celui, celle, ceux, celles, instead of the personal pronouns, il, lui, elle, la, ils, eux, elles, 484.

A pron. cannot represent a subst. used in an undetermined sense, without an article or any other definitive, such as ce, un, mon, plusieurs, etc., especially when this subst. is combined with a v. or a prep. with which it expresses a single idea, 696, § 1. To render the use of a pron. correct in such phrases, the construction must be so disposed as to restrict the sense of the subst. by means of a definitive, 696, § 2.

When the art. le, la, les is substituted for a possessive adj. before a regimen (66), care must be taken, in order to avoid ambiguity, to make use of a pron. showing who the possessor

33

îs, 704, § 1. This pron. is an indirect regimen, when the subst. is a direct one, as in the phrase, Vous LUI tâtez LE pouls; and a direct regimen when the subst. is an indirect one, thus: Vous LE prenez par LA main, 704, § 2. The necessity of employing a pron. denoting who the possessor is often gives the v. the form of a reflective v. thus: Je ME tate LE pouls, 704, § 3 The pronoun showing who the possessor is, may sometimes be the subject, thus: J'ai mal AU bras, 704, § 4.

-

The personal pron. which precedes voilà and voici, is the regimen of these words, which signify behold. Consequently we say, LE voilà, LA voilà, and not IL voilà, ELLE voilà, 331.

The POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS are: Le mien, la mienne, les miens, les miennes-Le tien, la tienne, les tiens, les tiennes-Le sien, la sienne, les siens, les siennes Le nôtre, la nôtre, les nôtres-Le vôtre, la vôtre, les vôtres -Le leur, la leur, les leurs.

The possessive pron. agrees in gender and number with the object possessed, and not with the possessor, as the English pron. does, 144.

The possessive pronouns are sometimes used as substantives, to denote our relations, friends, or dependents; but only in the masc. gender and in the pl. number, 767.

The DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS are: Ce, ceci, cela — Celui, celle, ceux, celles.

The RELATIVE PRONOUNS are: Qui, que, quoi, dont, lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles, où, d'où, par où.

A relative pron. always takes the gender, number and person of the antecedent, and the v. agrees with it accordingly, 37, § 2.

The pronominal adj. quel (77) combines with the art. simple or compound, and forms: lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles Duquel, de laquelle, desquels, desquelles. Auquel, à laquelle, auxquels, auxquelles,

181.

Lequel, etc., are seldom used as subjects or as direct regimens, unless they become necessary to avoid ambiguity. The subject is generally repre

sented by qui, and the direct regimen by que, 189.

If the relative pron. is governed by a prep. it is generally expressed by qui, when it refers to persons, and by lequel, laquelle, etc., when it refers to things.

A simple adjective cannot be the antecedent of a relative pron. 827, § 2. But when an adj. is preceded by the article, it is employed substantively and may be an antecedent, 828.

The INDEFINITE PRONOUNS are: Autre, autrui, chacun, l'un, l'un et l'autre, l'un ou l'autre, on, personne, quelqu'un, quiconque.

Besides the general rules given under this head, each of the pronouns requiring a particular mention will be found in its alphabetical place.

Prophétie, prophecy.- Thé t is pronounced like s, 501, § 2.

- Its

Propre, neat, proper, etc. meaning may vary according as it is placed before or after the subst. 100.. Proscrire, to proscribe.-V. irr. conjugated like écrire.

Prosecteur, preparator.

The

s retains its sharp sound, though placed between two vowels.

Prospectus, prospectus. The final s is pronounced by exc. 531. Prosterner (Se), to prostrate one's self. Is always pronominal,

413.

Public, public.-L. 63, 80. Fem. publique, by exc. 2.

Puisque, since.-L. 88. The elision of the final e takes place before it, elle, on, un, une.

Quadrumanë, quadrumanous. Masc. when used as a subst. 461. Pronounce coua.

Quadrupède, quadruped. - L. 83. Masc. when used as a subst. 461. Pronounce coua.

-Fem. 284.

Quadruple, quadruple. -Pro

Quai, quay.—L. 9. The u is mute, 470. The vowels ai have their grave sound, 605, § 3.

Quand.— Is used as an adv. and as a conj. As an adv. it means when or whenever; as a conj. it corresponds to though, even, though even, if even, and what though, 194.-When quand signifies though, it is always followed by a v. in the conditional mood. Quand must not be confounded with quoique, which signifies though, but requires the subjunctive mood after it, 464.

Quant. — Adv. always followed by à, and signifying with regard to, with respect to, as to, as for. L. 16. Quartier-maître, quarter-master. Pl. quartiers-maîtres.

Quartile, quartile. - Pronounce

coua.

Quarto. See IN-QUARTO. Quartz, quartz.-L. 98. Pronounce this word as if spelled (in French) couartse.

Quasi, almost.-L. 93. Familiar and seldom used. The u is mute, 470. Quasi-contrat, quasi-contract. – Pl. quasi-contrats.

Quasi-délit, injury caused involuntarily. Pl. quasi-délits. Quaternaire, quaternary. Pronounce coua.

Quaterne, quaternary.-L. 86, Masc. by exc. 15. The u is mute, 470. Quatre-vingts, eighty. The final s is suppressed, when quatrevingts is joined to a following number, 647.

Quatuor, quartette.

nounce coud.

Pro

Que, pron. - Is either absolute

or relative. When absolute, it corresponds to what; when relative, it signifies whom, which or that. In both cases it is almost invariably a direct regimen, 78, 189.

Que. connective.-Generally corresponds to that. Has a great variety of meanings besides. When pre

-

ceded by the negative particle ne, it |
corresponds to the English word but,
in its restrictive sense of only, save
or except. L. 1.-The English conj.
than, after the comparative, is ren-
dered by que, 426. · - Que is used for
combien in exclamative phrases, and
corresponds to how, how much and
how many. When placed before a
substantive, it requires de, 654.
In inversive phrases in which ce, the
v. être and the regimen, precede the
subject, que is employed as a con-
nective, when both the subject and
regimen are subst. 826. The eli-
sion of the e in que takes place be-
fore a vowel or an h mute. 11.

-

Quel.-Pronominal adj. generally
corresponding to what; sometimes to
which. Its fem. is quelle; its pl. masc.
quels, and its pl. fem. quelles, 77..
Is not followed by un, une, in excla-
mations, when the English word
what requires a, an after it, 90.
Combined with the article, simple or
compound, it forms the relative pro-
noun lequel, laquelle, etc. 181.

-

-

Quelconque. Indefinite adj.
corresponding to whatever or any.
Quelque. Indefinite adj. cor-
responding to some, any, and a few.
When used in the sing. it denotes an
undetermined person or thing; and in
the pl. an undetermined number of
persons or things, 158.

Quelque, followed by que, corres-
ponds to whatever and however, 437.

Quelque, followed by que, may be
joined to a subst. to an adj. or to an
adv. 443.

Quelque, joined to a subst. and si-
gnifying whatever or whatsoever, is
an adj. and agrees in number with
the subst. to which it is joined. The
word que follows the subst. as soever
sometimes does in English, 444.

Quelque, joined to an adj. or an
adv. and signifying however or how-
soever, is an adv. and therefore in-
variable, 445. But when the adj.
which comes after quelque is connec-
ted with a subst. quelque agrees with
that subst. 446.

The elision of the final e in quelque
is admitted only before the words un
and autre, 159.

Quel que. Followed by a v.

signifies whoever or whatever. It forms
two words, the first of which is an
adj. agreeing in gender and number
with the subject of the v. 447.

Quelque chose, something.-
Chose is a fem. subst. 15; but quel-
que chose, signifying something or
anything, is an adverbial form, which
is masc. 182.-When quelque chose,
in the sense of something or any-
thing, is followed by an adj. it requires
the prep. de before the adj. which
retains the masc. termination, 673.
Quelqu'un.
Indefinite pron.

When used in an absolute sense, that
is, without any reference to a subst.
it corresponds to some one, somebody,
any one, any body. In this sense, it is
used only in speaking of persons, and
is always masc. It may take the pl.
form, quelques-uns, but only when it
is a subject, 768, § 1. When it is
not absolute and refers to a subst. it
corresponds to some and any, and
may relate to things as well as to
persous. In this sense it takes the
fem. and pl. forms, quelqu'une, quel-
ques-uns, quelques-unes, 768, § 2.

Querir, to fetch. L. 73. V. de-
fective. Is used only in the infinitive,
with the verbs aller, venir and en-
voyer. The French Academy writes
querir. The other lexicographers are
unanimous in writing quérir, with the
acute accent as the Academy itself
writes the derivatives acquérir, con-
quérir, requérir.

-

-

Questeur, questor.-The u after
q pronounced by exc. 470.
Questure, questorship. The u
after q is pronounced by exc. 470.
Qui. Relative pron. generally
corresponding to the English words
who, whom, which, that, and some-
times what. It is also used as an ab-
solute pron. particularly in interroga-
tions; in this case it refers only to
persons, 9.-Qui, when it is relative,
that is, when it has an antecedent,
may be a subject or an indirect re-
gimen. When it is a subject, it may
refer to persons or to things. But
when it is an indirect regimen, pre-
ceded by a prep. it refers only to
persons, or to personified things, in
poetical language, 37, § 1, 188. — It
always takes the gender, number and