Second Division—Analytical and theoretical. PRONUNCIATION. EXAMPLES. Cinq pour cent-Dix-septième-Dix-huitième-Dix-neuvième -Vingt-deuxième-Vingt-troisième -Vingt-quatrième —Vingtcinquième-Vingt-sixième. In these expressions the final q of cinq, the x of dix and the t of vingt are pronounced notwithstanding the rules 530,532. The numeral adjectives cinq, six, sept, huit, neuf, dix, and vingt are subjected to particular rules. 554. The final consonant of CINQ, SIX, SEPT, HUIT, NEUF, DIX is mute only when these words are either followed by another number, or by a substantive or an adjective beginning with a consonant, as : cinq cents, six cents, sept cents, huit cents, neuf cents, dix mille (ten thousand), cinq maisons, six jours, sept longues nuits. 555. In any other case the final consonant of each of these words is pronounced; the x of six and DIX having the soft sound of z, when joined to a word beginning with a vowel or an h mute, as, six ans, dix hommes, dix-huit; and by exception in dix-neuf; and the sharp sound of s when not combined with another word, as, six pour cent, le dix du mois. The x of DIX has the same sharp sound in dix-sept-the f of NEUF is softened into v before a word beginning with a vowel, or an h mute, as, neuf ans, neuf heures. 556. The t in VINGT is pronounced in vingt-deux, vingt-trois, vingt-quatre, vingt-cinq, vingt-six, vingt-sept, vingt-huit, and vingtneuf. LEXIOLOGY. LORSQUE is derived from lors, mentioned in the twenty first lesson. It has the same meaning as quand, when (not though), but cannot be used in interrogations. The elision of its final vowel takes place before il, elle, on, un, une. J'ÉTAIS is the first person singular of the imperfect tense of être. AISE comes from the Greek άícios, lucky, or from the Armoric dez, ease. It is feminine, though preceded by mon. See syntax 563. NOURRISSAIS is the first person singular of the imperfect tense of nourrir, to feed, to nourish, which comes from the Latin nutrire, to feed. 557. The first person singular of the imperfect tense of verbs ending in ir in the infinitive mood, is formed by changing this termination into 1ss-ais. It is similar to the second person singular of the same tense. ESPOIR is one of the derivatives of espérer, mentioned in the sixth lesson. It is a synonyme of espérance, which denotes an habitual disposition, while espóir is rather applicable to a determined object. Espérance is the virtue ; espoir, the presentiment, the trust we have of the fulfilment of our wishes. VOIR is an irregular verb, two forms of which have been seen: on voyait, in the second lesson; and vois-tu, in the twenty fifth. It is one of the verbs which govern the infinitive mood without a preposition (205). OCCUPER, in Latin occupare, is one of the derivatives of the Latin verb capere, mentioned in the fourth lesson. MONDE, from the Latin mundus, world, is masculine by exception (15). RANG comes from the German rang, rank. BRILLANT is derived from the verb briller, to shine, which comes from the Spanish brillar, to shine. 558. Le mien is the possessive pronoun of the first person singular, corresponding to the possessive adjective, mon. The singular feminine is la mienne ; the plural masculine, les miens, and the plural feminine, les miennes. All these forms correspond to mine. See 138,548. DÉSIRAIS is the first person singular of the imperfect tense of désirer, derived from désir, mentioned in the fifth lesson. 559. The first person singular of the imperfect tense of verbs ending in er in the infinitive mood is formed by changing this termination into ais. It is similar to the second person singular of the same tense. ÉLEVASSES is the second person singular of the past tense of the subjunctive mood of élever, derived from lever, to raise (412), which comes from the Latin levare, to raise. Elever signifies to raise, or to bring up; and s'élever, to rise, to arise. 560. The second person singular of the past tense of the subjunctive mood of verbs ending in er in the infinitive is formed by changing this termination into asses. AU-DESSUS DE is a compound preposition derived from sur, seen in the fifth lesson. See 757. TA is the feminine of ton. See 538. All the possessive adjectives have now been seen in the following phrases: « MON cher, vous apporterez, etc.»-16th lesson. « J'aurai MA ligne»-15th lesson. « Les enfants de MEs confrères »-25th lesson. « Ils sont TEs égaux »—25th lesson. « On le voyait à son établi»-2nd lesson. « L'éducation qu'il avaitreçue de son père et de sa mère »-4th lesson. « Il avait placé SES épargnes >>-6th lesson. << NOTRE petit paresseux»-7th lesson. « Noircissant Nos cahiers » -12th lesson. FAMILLE comes from the Latin familia, family. FUSSES is the second person singular of the past tense of the subjunctive mood of étre. ORGUEIL comes from the Greek pyn, pride, arrogance. APPUI is the radical of appuyer, seen in the ninth lesson. FALLAIT is the imperfect tense of the irregular impersonal verb falloir (324). EUSSES is the second person singular of the past tense of the subjunctive mood of avoir. INSTRUCTION is derived from the verb instruire, to instruct, to teach, which comes from the Latin struere, instruere, to join together, to arrange. It is feminine (108). SACRIFICE comes from the Latin sacrificium, formed of sacer, sacred, and facere, to make. It is masculine (20). COÛTE is the past participle of coûter (55), which comes from the Latin constare, probably through the Spanish costar or the Italian costare. METTRE is the infinitive mood of mis, seen in the fifth lesson. METTRE A MÊME is an idiomatic locution, which signifies to enable. ACQUÉRIR is one of the derivatives of quérir (162), mentioned in the thirteenth lesson. It is an irregular verb. EXCELLENTE is the feminine (2) of excellent, derived from the verb exceller, which comes from the Latin excellere, to excel. CESSE is a form (394) of cesser, one of the derivatives of céder, mentioned in the sixth lesson. It is one of the verbs after which pas may be suppressed (86). It governs the infinitive mood with the preposition de (207). PLEURER comes from the Latin plorare, to weep, to bewail. PERTE is one of the derivatives of perdre, mentioned in the fourteenth lesson. COMBATTU is the past participle of combattre (432), to fight, to contend, derived from the irregular verb battre (81), to beat, which comes from the Latin batuere, to beat. The irregularity of battre and its derivatives is very slight. It consists in not doubling the t in the three persons singular of the present tense of the indicative: Je bats, tu bats, il bat, instead of je batts, etc. (350). PROJET is derived from jeter (200) seen in the twenty fifth lesson. J'AVAIS is the first person singular of the imperfect tense of avoir. FINI is the past participle of finir, one of the derivatives of fin, mentioned in the tenth lesson. 561. The past participle of verbs ending in Ir in the infinitive mood is formed by changing this termination into i. PARTAGER is one of the derivatives of part, mentioned in the tenth lesson. J'ATTENDAIS is the first person singular of the imperfect tense of attendre, seen in the twelfth lesson. 562. The first person singular of the imperfect tense of verbs ending in re in the infinitive mood is formed by changing this termination into ais. It is similar to the second person singular of the same tense. See 559. Examples have been seen in this lesson of the first person singular of the imperfect tense in the three regular forms of conjugation, and the two auxiliaries, in the following phrases : « Je désirais que tu t'élevasses. » « Je nourrissAIS l'espoir. » « J'attendAIS le bonheur. » « Lorsque j'ÉTAIS à mon aise. » « J'AVAIS fini par les lui faire partager. » ÉLÉVATION is derived from élever, seen in this lesson. It is femi nine (108) though preceded by ton. See syntax 563. BONHEUR is formed of bon (1st lesson) and heur, mentioned as the radical of heureux, in the twenty first lesson. VIEILLESSE is derived from vieil, a form of the adjective vieux, seen in the fourteenth lesson. See 508. SYNTAX. Mon aist-Ton élévation. Ton excellente mère. Aise, élévation, and excellente mère, being feminine, ought to be pre ceded by ma and ta, according to rule 116. |