Belsham's "Life of Lindsey," the English Unitarian, precipitated the controversy. The liberal party was reluctantly forced into the acceptance of a sectarian name. Doctrinal

differentiation in the Congregational churches was henceforth to be inevitable and irresistible. Dr. Channing's celebrated sermon preached in Baltimore, on May 5, 1819, at the installation of Jared Sparks, and the decision of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, in the well-known Dedham case, very clearly defined the terms of the controversy and determined the methods of ecclesiastical separation. But so repugnant was the adoption of a sectarian name to the liberal party, that, out of twenty-nine churches in Boston, now known as Unitarian, only four officially bear that title. In 1825 the American Unita. rian Association was formed and became the recognized instrument for the propagation of liberal Christianity, and we find that all of the Congregational churches founded by the earliest settlers of New England, have, while retaining their original titles and methods of ecclesiastical government, become Unitarian in the temper of their religious thought. In these churches orthodox doctrine imperceptibly and slowly faded away, and was in no case violently displaced. The history of Christianity shows that if you will lift from any mind the repressive or interpretative force of a creed, leaving it free to face either the light of nature or the teachings of the Bible, it will inevitably lose the impress of orthodoxy. No unassisted intelligence, however clear or commanding, ever found the common creeds of Christendom in the Scriptures. This was abundantly demonstrated in the history of New England Congregationalism. Free, rational Christianity was not born from the womb of controversy. It sprang from the spirit of unshackled inquiry which the older covenants permitted, if they did not encourage.

As a distinct sect, Unitarianism has had neither a rapid nor an affluent growth in America; but it has numbered either among its avowed apostles or those who have been consciously affected by its teachings a long list of men and women who have been illustrious in the various departments of our country's intellectual and spiritual history. The list includes a long line of statesmen, jurists, men of science, historians, poets and eminent philanthropists, "including," says Dr. Allen,

"with hardly an exception, every one of those who, from Prescott to Holmes, have given Boston its place in our intellectual history"; while, if we counted in our ranks every man who had revolted, with greater or less distinctness of consciousness, from the popular creeds, but a meager group of great names would be found upon the outside.

Early in the third decade of the past century a young clergyman, Churches in St. Louis. twenty-three years of age,

came from New England

to what was then the frontier town of St. Louis. This was William Greenleaf Eliot. "He left," says Dr. Allen, "the most flattering prospects of a metropolitan career that he might devote his life, as he did with singular intelligence, consecration and energy, to what was then remote frontier service in St. Louis, gaining for his reward the largest moral and personal power accorded to any man in that great community." As early as 1830 Rev. John Pierrepoint, of Boston, the famous apostle of temperance, while passing through St. Louis, preached once in the markethouse, on Main and Market Streets; and in 1833 Rev. George Chapman preached three times in the parlor of the National Hotel. Some interest was excited among a small body of New England immigrants, prominent among whom were Christopher Rhodes, James Smith and George H. Callender. These persons started a movement which resulted in the establishment of regular Unitarian services in November, 1834. in Shepard's school rooms, under the leadership of Rev. W. G. Eliot, recently from the Harvard Divinity School. January 26, 1835, a Unitarian Church was formally organized under the name of the First Congregational Society of St. Louis. In the next year a lot was purchased at the northwest corner of Fourth and Pine Streets, and the corner stone of a church laid. From November of 1835 until the new church was finished, the society met in Masonic Hall, at the corner of Main and Locust Streets. This was one of the few business houses spared by the great fire of 1849. Dr. Eliot's extraordinary faith in the ultimate success of his movement is admirably shown in the pluck, energy and unconquerable hope with which he toiled in the face of marked discouragements. On Easter Sunday, 1836, eight persons sat down together to the communion of the Lord's Supper. Two

years after, when the church covenant was adopted, the church membership had not doubled in number. When, in 1835, an effort was made to establish a Sunday school, eight teachers appeared, but no children. When, in 1837, a Sunday school was established, the sexton's eight or nine children furnished the chief ground for the hope of success. October 29, 1837, the new church was dedicated. By 1842 the church was enlarged by one-half, thus increasing its debt to $11,000, which was all lifted in 1846. For many years the growing Sunday school was mainly under the admirable administration of Mr. Seth A. Ranlett and Mr. Henry Glover, the former occupying the position of superintendent for thirty-one years. In the autumn of 1840 a ministry at large was established and placed in charge of Rev. Charles H. A. Dall, who afterward became an efficient missionary to India. Mr. Dall visited among the poor, organized a day school for very indigent children, and a sewing-school for girls. During several winters he also conducted a night school for apprentices. St. Louis being somewhat slow to adopt the public school system, the first school for colored children west of the great river was established in the Unitarian Church. November, 1841, the whole church resolved itself into a charitable organization, thus going back, and perhaps unconsciously, to the exact methods of the primitive Christian church. Since Mr. Dall's time, the place of minister at large has been successively filled by Rev. Mordecai DeLange, Charles C. Ward and Thomas L. Eliot. The year 1849 was made terribly memorable in the history of St. Louis by the presence of Asiatic cholera and a devastating fire which destroyed a vast percentage of its property. But in spite of these pressing calamities, or perhaps, as Dr. Eliot suggests, because of them, the church felt the inspiring touch of the people's newly aroused energy and hope, and in the very next year, preparations were made to build a large house of worship. This was done, as Dr. Eliot says, "as a thank offering to God, and as a provision for future growth and usefulness." The corner stone of the church was laid July 1, 1850, at the corner of Ninth and Olive Streets. The society first purchased a lot at the corner of Eleventh and Olive Streets, but when a number of people complained that they "did not want to attend church in the country,'

the location was fixed two blocks further The formal dedication took place December 7, 1851, Rev. A. A. Livermore, of Cincinnati, preaching the sermon, and Rev. John H. Heywood, of Louisville, offering the prayer of dedication. Thirteen hundred people attended the exercises, and 250 joined in the communion service. But a debt of nearly, or quite, $50,000 remained on the church. On October 19, 1852, twenty gentlemen met at the house of Mr. John Tilden, and then and there cleared away the undesirable incumbrance. From 1834 to 1873 Dr. Eliot remained pastor of the church. During this period he secured the services of several admirable assistants, Revs. O. O. White, Robert Hassal, Carlton A. Staples and Thomas L. Eliot serving at various times in that capacity, the last three having been regularly settled as colleagues. In 1873 Dr. Eliot definitely resigned from the pastorate of the church, designing to give the larger measure of his strength and energy to the chancellorship of Washington University, the vast duties of which had multiplied upon his hands, and the church selected as its pastor Rev. John Snyder, of Hingham, Massachusetts, who continued in that office until the year 1899. In 1879 positive steps were taken by the society to dispose of its property at Ninth and Olive Streets, and build a church house nearer the dwellings of its people. Two of its members, Messrs. George E. Leighton and Hugh McKittrick, purchased the property for $50,000, voluntarily offering to give to the church the benefit of any increased value in the property when it came to be resold. Twenty thousand dollars proved to be the added value. A lot was bought at the northeast corner of Locust Street and Garrison Avenue, and the ground broken for a new building in November, 1879. On the 6th day of July of that year the last services were held in the old church, and after the usual summer vacation, the people found themselves without an abiding tabernacle, worshiping, as it were, in tents. The corner stone of the new temple was laid on the first day of February, 1880, and on December 26th the society held its glad Christmas services in the new building. The entire cost of the church, including everything except its magnificent stained glass memorial windows, was $109,000. The church was formally dedicated on the 16th of December, 1881, Rev.

H. W. Bellows, D. D., the distinguished president of the National Sanitary Commission, preaching the eloquent sermon of dedication. Early in its career, as has already been said, the church gave itself unstintedly to the noble work of public philanthropy and education. In 1839 the first free school west of the Mississippi River was established in the basement of its church building, and a few years after it established and generously endowed a "Mission House," in which half a hundred homeless children now find refuge, which sustains a day and Sunday school, and is active in almost every type of philanthropy. Washington University was almost the creation of Dr. Eliot, and its various branches have been liberally endowed by members of the Unitarian Church who looked to Dr. Eliot for wise direction in the administration of their generous trusts. The names of George Partridge, James and William Smith, Hudson E. Bridge, Wayman Crow, Ralph Sellew, Gottlieb Conzelman, George E. Leighton, J. G. Chapman, and many other men and women of lesser means, but equal generosity, bear testimony to the preponderant influence which the Unitarian Church has had in ministering to the higher life of St. Louis. In making a conservative estimate of the extraordinary generosity of the members of the Church of the Messiah, Dr. Eliot declared, in 1881, that they had given to enterprises not connected with the support of their own religious organization, or for the dissemination of their own peculiar religious views, not less than $1,000,000 in the preceding twenty-five years. "The same degree of effort and cost," he remarked, "would have built and supported a score of churches."

At the beginning of the year 1868, it had become apparent to many thoughtful men and women that the growth of St. Louis demanded the creation of another Unitarian Church in the southern part of the town. Ten gentlemen, some of whom were members of the Church of the Messiah, joined in an application for legal existence of the Church of the Unity, and, in November of that year, bought a piece of land at the corner of Armstrong and Park Avenues, upon which the corner stone of a new church building was laid in August, 1869. The building was completed early in 1870. While the church was building, the Church of the Messiah invited to its own pulpit such ministers as the

members of the new organization desired to hear as candidates. In January, 1870, Rev. John Calvin Learned, of Exeter, New Hampshire, was unanimously invited to become the pastor. The invitation was accepted. Mr. Learned preached his first sermon in the new church on April 17, 1870, and on May 15th of the same year the church was dedicated, Mr. Learned and Dr. Eliot jointly conducting the services. In the words of Mr. Edward S. Rowse: "The society grew slowly in numbers and rapidly in debt, until in 1873 the debt was nearly $14,000." In May of that year the entire sum for the payment of that debt was promised, but the fearful panic of 1873 bankrupted many of the subscribers and the debt was not finally extinguished until 1881. In 1884 considerable additions were made to the church, which were promptly paid for upon completion. The great cyclone of May, 1896, partially destroyed the church building and wrecked the homes of many of its devoted people; but the structure was promptly restored. Its first pastor, Mr. Learned, was born in Dublin, New Hampshire, August 7, 1834. He prepared for Dartmouth College, but instead of entering that institution he came to Missouri and taught school in the Ozark region for several years. He entered the Harvard Divinity School in 1859, remained three years and then spent several months in Europe. He was called to the Unitarian Church of Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1863, and became pastor of the Church of the Unity, St. Louis, in 1870, remaining there until his death, on December 8, 1893. Mr. Learned was one of the ripest and most exact scholars and impressive preachers of the Unitarian fellowship, but his noble work for the education and uplifting of his fellowman was so modestly and inconspicuously accomplished that great multitudes felt his wholesome influence who were unacquainted with his personality. In June, 1894, the church called Rev. Frederick L. Hosmer to be its pastor. Mr. Hosmer, who still retains that relationship, was born in Framingham, Massachusetts, in the year 1840. He graduated from Harvard College in 1862, and from the Harvard Divinity School in 1869, having taught four years after his collegiate graduation. In October, 1869, he was called to the pastorate of the First Congregational (Unitarian) Church of Northborough, Massachusetts, as assistant

pastor to the Rev. Joseph Allen, D. D. In 1872 he accepted a call to the Second Congregational (Unitarian) Church of Quincy, Illinois. He resigned this charge in 1877, spending one year and a half in travel and study in Europe. Upon his return in the latter part of 1878, he became pastor of the Unity Church, of Cleveland, Ohio. He became, in 1892, for a brief period, secretary of the Western Unitarian Conference. On account of failing health, he spent one year in Colorado and on the Pacific Coast. Upon his return he became pastor of the Church of the Unity, St. Louis, his pastorate dating from September 1, 1894. In connection with Rev. W. C. Gannet, Mr. Hosmer published, in 1885, a volume of religious poetry, entitled "Thoughts of God in Hymns and Poems." In 1894 a second series was published, bearing the same title. Mr. Hosmer's hymns have been widely published and used, both in this country and England; indeed, it is but modest praise to say that he is the most gifted hymnologist living to-day among Englishspeaking people. For the lyric expression of pure religious feeling, he has, indeed, few superiors in any age of the church.

JOHN SNYDer.

All Souls' Unitarian Church, of Kansas City, was organized in the Kansas City Church. summer of 1868, with the Rev. Henry M. Smith, Agnes Smith, E. D. Parsons, Amos Towle, G. S. Morrison, Alfred Pirtle, Ross Guffin and Henry A. White as original members. Meetings were held in rooms over stores and in halls until 1871, when a frame building was erected on Baltimore Avenue at a cost of under $5,000. The Rev. W. E. Copeland was the first pastor, and was succeeded in turn by the Rev. C. E. Webster, the Rev. Enoch Powell and the Rev. W. S. King. The work of the church was interrupted in 1880. In May, 1881, the Rev. D. N. Utter became pastor, and under his ministrations a large gain in membership was made. In 1884 the Rev. Robert Laird Collyer, D. D., was called to the pastorate. While he was in charge was erected the brick church edifice on Tenth Street, near Broadway, at a cost of nearly $25,000. The Rev. John E. Roberts succeeded to the pastorate in 1887. In 1897 Mr. Roberts withdrew with about two-thirds of the congregation, then numbering some

500 people, and soon organized "The Church of This World." of This World." (See "Church of This World.") All Souls' Church edifice was then rented for some months to the Christian Scientists, and the Unitarians met in the Athenaeum rooms, where services were conducted by the Rev. W. G. Todd. Later the same year the congregation returned to its church home, and installed as pastor the Rev. George W. Stone, whose service continued until June, 1900, when he resigned in order to resume his labors as field agent of the American Unitarian Association, with his headquarters on the Pacific Slope. During his pastorate the church was re-established healthfully, and an indebtedness of $10,000 was liquidated, three-fourths of the amount being paid by two friends of Mr. Stone at the East, conditioned on the remainder having been paid by members of the congregation. The vacant pastorate was to be filled in the autumn of 1900.

In 1890 there were six Unitarian organizations in the State of Missouri; eight church edifices, having a seating capacity for 2,850 persons, and valued at $230,800; and the number of members was 1,135. One of these churches was in Kansas City, established in 1868, and one was in St. Joseph, established in 1868. There was, in 1900, a church in Carthage, established in 1891.

United American Mechanics, Junior Order of.-A secret fraternal and benevolent organization which came into existence in Pennsylvania in 1853- It is not, as might be inferred from its an organization composed of mechanics, that term being used in the sense in which it is used by the naturalists who aver that "man is a tool-making animal." It is called the Junior Order to distinguish it from the older Order of United American Mechanics, of which it is the offspring. The author of the first ritual of the order, and also of the constitution and bylaws of the first council of the Junior Order established, was William Weckerly, then secretary of the Pennsylvania State Council of the Senior Order. The movement which resulted in the establishment of this order was set on foot by Gordon D. Harime, and the first council, named Washington Council, was instituted in Germantown, Pennsylvania, May 17, 1853. The objects of the order

were declared to be: "First, to maintain and promote the interests of Americans, and shield them from the distressing effects of foreign competition; second, to assist Americans to obtain employment; third, to encourage Americans in business; fourth, to establish a sick and funeral fund; fifth, to maintain the public school system of the United States of America, and to prevent sectarian interference therewith, and uphold the reading of the Holy Bible therein." That these objects have commended the order to the American public is evidenced by the fact that at the beginning of the year 1898, it had a membership in excess of 200,000 in the United States. The first council instituted in Missouri was organized in St. Louis by Deputy Frank MacClelland, of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, December 15, 1888. In the year 1900 there were twenty-one councils in the State, with a membership of about 2,700. Eleven councils were in St. Louis, three in Kansas City, three in St. Joseph, one at Springfield, one at Kirkwood and one at Ard

more.

United Brethren in Christ.-A body of Christians in the United States, founded during the period of 1726-1813 by Rev. Philip William Otterbein, of Pennsylvania. Their polity is a mixture of Methodism, Congregationalism and Presbyterianism, and they are opposed to Free Masonry and to the manufacture, sale and use of intoxicating liquors. Their organization is episcopal, and they have a publishing house in Dayton, Ohio. In 1890 they had in Missouri forty-five church edifices, with a seating capacity for 14,150 persons, valued at $47,825, and 4,361 members.

United Confederate Veterans.-An organization of surviving soldiers who did service in the army of the Confederate States in the Civil War of 1861-5, its object being social, benevolent and historical; to hold reunions at which the members may mingle in song and recollections and keep alive the fraternal memories of the lost cause; render assistance to needy survivors and their families, and collect and preserve facts, incidents and events of the struggle. It covers all the States that took part officially or through the voluntary action of a considerable body of their citizens in the Confederate cause. The

smallest member of the organization is a camp, composed of the Confederate veterans in a locality, who unite together for the purpose; all the camps in the State constitute a division; and all the divisions hold a reunion or encampment once a year in a city chosen by a committee of the general organization. The Missouri division had its beginning in February, 1895, when General John B. Gordon, of Georgia, commander of the general organization, appointed General Jo. O. Shelby commander of Missouri, with authority to organize camps. General Shelby divided the State into the Eastern and Western Brigades, and appointed Brigadier General Robert McCulloch, of Boonville, commander of the Eastern Brigade, and Brigadier General Gid. W. Thompson, of Barry County, of the Western Brigade. The organization of camps was rapidly prosecuted, and the Missouri division, represented by nine camps, and with Miss Lyda Kelly, of Windsor, as sponsor, attended the fifth annual reunion of the United Confederate Veterans at Houston, Texas, May 21, 1895. In October of the same year, Major James Bannerman, of St. Louis, president of a body already existing, known as the Confederate Association of Missouri, in the interest of the Confederate Home, came to the assistance of the Missouri division, and through him and his associates of the Confederate Association, sixty additional camps were formed in the State. The national reunion of 1896 was held at Richmond, Virginia, June 30th, and the Missouri division, incited by a stirring appeal from their commander, General Shelby, sent over 300 exConfederate soldiers, from seventy camps, with Miss Sa Lees Kennard, of St. Louis, as sponsor, to the Virginia capital to represent it, the State standing third in the number of camps attending the reunion. On the death of General Shelby, in February, 1897. General Gordon appointed Brigadier General Robert McCulloch to the command of the Missouri division, and at the seventh annual reunion of the national organization held at Nashville, Tennessee, June 22, 1897, the Missouri division was represented by 238 exConfederates, Miss Ethlyne Jackson, of Marshall, granddaughter of Governor Claiborne F. Jackson, officiating as sponsor, with fifteen maids of honor. General McCulloch was unanimously elected major general of