U.S. Shipping and Shipbuilding: Trends and Policy Choices

20 ships active American maritime ANNUAL budget bulk carriers cabotage cargo fleet cargo preference cargo reservation cargo ships carry Chapter commercial efficiency commercial ships construction differential subsidies containership deadweight tons differential subsidies ODS direct subsidies economic estimated foreign ships gross tons higher legislation Lighter Aboard Ship liner Maritime Administration maritime industries maritime policy Merchant Marine Act merchant ships militarily useful ships Military Sealift Command military support national security naval Navy Number of Ships OCEANBORNE oceangoing ships operating costs operating differential subsidies overseas peacetime policy options production registered abroad requirements ship construction ship operators shipowners shipping and shipbuilding ships built Subtotal SYMBA Study TABLE tankers Total transportation U.S. citizens U.S. flag U.S. maritime U.S. Maritime Administration U.S. merchant marine U.S. ports U.S. ship U.S. shipbuilding industry U.S. shipyards U.S. yards U.S.-built ships U.S.-flag fleet U.S.-flag ships United vessels wartime mobilization World World War II