216. OBSERVATIONS ON SOME VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION AND THEIR PECULIAR ORTHOGRAPHY. ? I. OF VERBS ENDING IN GER. 217. All verbs ending in GER, as manger, to eat, take an e mute after the g before the vowels a, o, of the termination, in order to soften that consonant, so that it may preserve the sound which it has in the Infinitive Present; as, Nous mangeons, and not mangons; mangeant, and not mangant. ? II. OF VERBS ENDING IN CER. 218. Verbs ending in CER, as menacer, to menace; placer, to place; take a cedilla under the c before the vowels a and o of the termination, to give the c the soft pronunciation of s, so that it may preserve the sound which it has in the Infinitive Present; as, Je commençais, I began; nous commençons, we begin. EXERCISE LV. Let us spare his feelings. You corrected ménager sentiment, pl. corriger, pret. arranger this exercise. thème, m. - He en2 en livre, pl. last month. - I (was arranging) your books. 2 dernier 1le mois, m. couraged me to go on. - Let us not think of it.-We courager, pret. à continuer. 1 2 songer 1(to it). divided the booty. Abridge your story.-You will judge partager, pret. butin, m. Abréger of the effect. histoire. juger begin generally at nine o'clock.-You outran commencer ordinairement à your companions. They compagnon, pl. 146. enfoncer, pret. heure, pl. devancer, pret. (broke open) the door. porte, f. ? III. OF VERBS ENDING IN ELER. 219. Verbs ending in ELER, as appELER, to call, double the 7 before an e mute: thus, J'appeLLE, j'appeLLErai, I call, I shall call; but we use only a single 7 in nous appelons, il appeLait, we call, he called, because the vowel which follows the 7 is not an e mute. 220. REMARK.-This observation is not applicable to verbs ending in éler, as révÉLER, to reveal, which merely change the acute accent into a grave one without doubling the 1, when that letter is followed by an e mute; as, Je révÈLE, tu révÈLES, I reveal, thou revealest. 221. Geler to freeze, and its compound dégeler, to thaw, take a grave accent over the e before the 7 without doubling it; as, Il gèle, it freezes; il dégèle, it thaws. 2 IV. OF VERBS ENDING IN ETER. 222. Verbs ending in ETER, as jETER, to throw, double the t before an e mute: Je jeTTe, je jeTTerai, I throw, I shall throw; but we use only a single t in nous jetons, il jerait, we throw, he threw, because the vowel which follows the t is not an e mute. 223. REMARK.-This observation is not applicable to verbs ending in éter, as empiETER, to encroach, which merely change the acute accent into a grave one without doubling the t, when that letter is followed by an e mute; as, J'empite, tu empiìtes, I encroach, thou encroachest. 224. Acheter, to buy; étiqueter, to ticket, take a grave accent over the e before the t without doubling it; as, J'achète, I buy; j'étiquèterai, I shall ticket. 1ure. ture, f. - I shall spell this word.-We shall renew acquaintance épeler when he comes. - I have called you three times. quand viendra. tion 2 reveals a kind heart. tion, f. révéler bon cœur, m. He throws the blame on me. jeter le blâme sur 97. He encroaches upon the ground empiéter sur new umbrella. neuf 'parapluie, m. 1 fois. This ac - I shall throw this water. eau, f. ac of others. - I shall buy a acheter terrain, m. des autres. I must 214. cacheter cheminée, f. match in the chimney. allumette, f. dans paquet, m. 8 V. OF VERBS ENDING IN YER. Throw this 225. Verbs ending in YER, as paYER, to pay, change they into before an e mute; as, Je paiE, je paierai, pay, I shall pay.* 226. As in those verbs the letter y makes part of the root, in the first and second person plural of the Imperfect Indicative and Present Subjunctive, the y is followed by an i, which belongs to the terminations ions, iez, of those two tenses; as, nous paɣions, vous paɣiez, we paid, you paid. 227. Envoyer, to send, and renvoyer, to send back, deviate from the preceding observations in the Future and Conditional, which are irregular, making, J'enverrai, j'enverrais; je renverrai, je renverrais, and not j'envoierai. ? VI. OF VERBS ENDING IN EER. 228. As in the verbs ending in EER, such as agréer, to accept, the letter é accented makes part of the root, in the Present of the Indicative, Imperative, Present of the Subjunctive, and past participle in the masculine, the é is This rule applies to all French verbs, the participle present of which ends in yant: voir, to see; voYANT, seeing; que je voie, that I may see; fuir, to fly; fuYANT, flying; que je fuIE, that I may fly. followed by another e which belongs to the terminations of those tenses; as, J'agré-E, il agré-E, ils agré-ENT, &c. Hence, the past participle in the masculine being agré-é, the feminine of it, with the addition of the usual e mute, will be agréée with three times e. 229. These verbs have also two e's in the Future and Conditional, before the terminations RAI, RAIS; as, J'agrée-RAI, j'agrée-RAIS. See § 171. I shall try to come at six o'clock. - Valour (makes up) for the essayer de venir à number. God created heure, pl. La valeur suppléer (to the) heaven and earth. This nombre, m. Dieu créer, comp. pr. le ciel et la terre. offer has been accepted.-You will try in vain to (make straight) offre, f. a crooked tree. agréer. 2tortu 1arbre, m. essayer en vain de redresser ? VII. OF VERBS ENDING IN OUER AND UER. 230. As in the verbs ending in OUER and UER, such as, Jouer, to play; tuer, to kill; the diphthong ou and u make part of the root, in the first and second person plural of the Imperfect Indicative and Present Subjunctive, the I of the terminations ions, iez, takes a diæresis, in order to show that ou or u is to be sounded separately from those terminations; as, Nous jouïons, vous jouïez, we played, you played; nous tuïons, vous tuïez, we killed, you killed. ? VIII. OF VERBS ENDING IN IER. 231. As in the verbs ending in IER, such as prier, to pray, the letter i makes part of the root, in the first and second person plural of the Imperfect Indicative and Present Subjunctive, the i is followed by another i, which belongs to the terminations of those two tenses; as, Nous pri-ions, vous pri-iez, we prayed, you prayed. EXERCISE LVIII. When he (came in), we (were playing) at billiards.-You must Quand entra, 214. jouer, imp. au billard. avance contribuer, pret. beaucoup ment. We (were distributing) the rewards. You ment, m. distribuer, imp. (were praising) him too (much). 2 louer 1 trop We (were studying) in your étudier, imp. dans récompense, pl. library. You were forgetting bibliothèque. oublier, imp. thank them for their recep214. remercier 1 de your appointment.—We must rendez-vous. récep tion. Why were you crying? You must forget. Pourquoi crier, imp. ? tion. 214. oublier. under the weight. plancher, m. plier, imp. sous OF IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE VERBS. 232. Verbs are irregular, when they deviate in the formation of their tenses from the general rules, or differ in their terminations from the model conjugation to which they belong; they are defective, when they are not used in certain tenses or persons. 233. As a verb can only be irregular in its simple tenses, the compound ones have been omitted in the following conjugations; but every deviation from the regular form of the verb has been pointed out by italics. |