edition, because he thinks that Griesbach was at that time more scrupulous of innovating upon the text than he afterwards was.

The first volume of the second edition appeared in 1796, in large octavo, with the imprint of Londini et Hale Saxonum in the title page; and the second with that of Hala Saxonum et Londini, on account of the expense of the paper of the fine copies having been munificently defrayed by his Grace the late Duke of Grafton, at that time Chancellor of the University of Cambridge. These are most beautiful books, and are now only procurable at a very high price, though, through his Grace's liberality, they were originally sold, we believe, at twelve or fourteen shillings per volume. Fifty copies are said to have been struck off on large paper in quarto. But the whole of these two volumes was printed at Jena, under Griesbach's own eye.

In addition to the various readings exhibited in Griesbach's first edition, he has collated all the Latin versions published by Sabatier and Blanchini; and has corrected the mistakes made by Mill, Bengel, and Wetstein, in their quotations from the oriental versions. He has also inserted the principal readings collected by Matthæi, Birch, and Alter, together with extracts from the two Wolfenbüttel manuscripts collated by Knittel; and has given the readings of the Sahidic version, furnished by Woide, Georgi, and Manter. Of the Armenian version a collation was made for him by M. Bredenkampf of Bremen ; and the Sclavonic version was collated for him by M. Dobrowsky at Prague.

The first volume contains the four Gospels. To these are prefixed copious prolegomena, exhibiting a critical history of the printed text, a catalogue of all the manuscripts from which various readings are quoted, and an account of the method pursued by Griesbach in executing this second edition, together with the principal rules for judging of various readings. The text is printed in two columns, the numbers of the verses being placed in the margin, below which are the various lections.

The second volume contains the remaining books of the New Testament, which is preceded by an introduction or preface, accounting for the delay of its appearance, and an account of the manuscripts consulted for that volume. At the end are forty pages, separately numbered, consisting of a Diatribe on the disputed clause relative to the three witnesses in 1 John v. 7, 8. and of additional various readings to the Acts of the Apostles, and Saint Paul's Epistles, with two pages of corrections. Griesbach's second edition was reprinted at London in 1809, in two elegant 8vo. volumes; one by Mr. Collingwood of Oxford, and the other by Mr. R. Taylor; the text is printed in long lines, and the notes in columns, and Griesbach's addenda of various readings are inserted in their proper places. A very few inaccuracies have been discovered in these insertions, which perhaps could hardly be avoided in a work of such minuteness. This edition, which consisted of one thousand copies, having been exhausted, a second London edition issued from the press of Messrs. R. & A. Taylor, in two volumes, 8vo. 1818. It is executed in the same handsome form as before, and possesses some advantages even over Griesbach's own second edition. In the first place, the addenda of various lections above noticed have been newly collated, and inserted in their various places with great accuracy. Secondly, the reading of Acts xx. 28. in the Vatican manuscript (which Griesbach could not give in consequence of Professor Birch, who collated it, having lost or mislaid his memorandum of that particular text) is here printed from a transcript obtained by Mr. R. Taylor from the keeper of the Vatican library. The reading of the clause in question, in the Codex Vaticanus, is thus determined to be conformable to the lection of the Textus Receptus, viz. Tηy Ekkλnclav Tov Ocov, the church of God. And lastly, as Griesbach in his Leipsic edition of 1805 preferred some readings different from those adopted in that of Halle, 1796-1806, a Synoptical Table is given indicating such differences. Bishop Marsh has given a high character of the labours of Dr. Griesbach, in his Divinity Lectures, part ii. pp. 44, 45. See some strictures on them in Dr. Hales's Treatise on Faith in the Holy Trinity, vol. ii. pp. 61-64.

To complete Griesbach's edition of the New Testament there should be added the following publications:

1. Curæ in Historiam Textus Græci Epistolarum Paulinarum. Jenæ, 1777, 4to. 2. Symbole Criticæ, ad supplendas et corrigendas variarum N. T. Lectionum Collectiones. Accedit multorum N. T. Codicum Græcorum Descriptio et Examen. Hala, 1785, 1793, 2 vols. small 8vo.

3. Commentarius Criticus in Textum Græcum Novi Testamenti. Particula prima, Jenæ, 1798. Particula secunda, Jenæ, 1811.

22. Novum Testamentum, Græcè. Ex Recensione Jo. Jac. Griesbachii, cum selecta Lectionis Varietate. Lipsiæ, 1803-1807, 4 vols. imperial 4to. or folio.

This is a most sumptuous edition; the text is formed chiefly on that of Griesbach's second edition, and on that of Knappe noticed below. The type is large and clear; the paper beautiful and glossy; at the foot of the page are some select various readings; and each volume is decorated with an exquisitely engraved frontispiece. 23. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Ex Recensione Jo. Jac. Griesbachii, cum selecta Lectionum Varietate. Lipsia, 1805, 2 vols. 8vo. This edition contains the text, together with a selection of the principal various readings, and an extract from the Prolegomena of the second edition. It is very neatly printed, and forms a valuable manual for constant reference. This is the edition now chiefly used in the universities of Germany. Griesbach's text has been reprinted at Cambridge in New England (North America), at the press of Messrs. Wells and Hilliard, in two handsome volumes, 1809, 8vo. The typography of the large paper copies is very beautiful. Griesbach's text has also been reprinted at the Glasgow University Press in 1817, 18mo. It is a most beautiful little book. 24. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Recognovit atque insigniores lectionum varietates et argumentorum notationes subjecit Geo. Christian. Knappius. Halæ, 1797, 8vo. 2d edit. Hala, 1813, 2 vols. 8vo. In this edition of the New Testament, which received the warm approbation of Griesbach in his preface to the splendid edition above noticed, Dr. Knappe has availed himself of Griesbach's labours; and has admitted into the text not only those readings which the latter considered to be of undoubted authority, but likewise some others which Dr. K. himself regarded as such, but without distinguishing either of them. Such words also, as it might on the same grounds be thought right to exclude from the text, as not originally belonging to it, are here enclosed in brackets, partly of the common kind, and partly formed on purpose for this edition. The most probable readings are marked with an asterisk: to all of them the word alii is prefixed, in order to distinguish them from the rest of these lections, which in reality are those in which the exegetical student is chiefly interested. Great attention is paid to typographical and grammatical accuracy, to the accents, and to the punctuation, which differ in this edition, from those of Leusden or Gerard von Maestricht in more than three hundred places. Very useful summaries are likewise added under the text. This valuable edition is not common in England. The second impression, published in two vols. in 1813, is very neatly printed, and is corrected throughout. In editing it Dr. K. has availed himself of Griesbach's second volume, which was not published when his first edition appeared.

25. Novum Testamentum Græcè, ex recensione Griesbachii, nova Latina versione illustratum, indice brevi præcipuæ lectionum et interpretationum diversitatis instructum, edidit Henricus Augustus Schott. Lipsiæ, 1805, 8vo.

This is a useful edition of the Greek Testament, and, we understand, is in much request in Germany. A second and much enlarged edition was published at Leipsic in 1811, 8vo. The text is that of Griesbach; under it are printed the most important various readings; the critical remarks are brief and clear; and the young student will find in the Latin version no small help to the interpretation of the New Testament.

26. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Lectiones variantes, Griesbachii judicio, iis quas textus receptus exhibet anteponendas vel æquiparandas, adjecit Josephus White, S. T. P. Linguarum Heb. et Arab. in Academia Oxoniensi Professor. Oxonii, e Typographeo Clarendoniano, 1808, 2 vols. crown 8vo.

This is a very neat and accurate edition. The Textus Receptus is adopted; and Professor White has contrived to exhibit in a very intelligible form-1. Those texts which in Griesbach's opinion ought, either certainly or probably, to be removed from the received text; 2. Those various readings which the same editor judged either preferable or equal to those of the received text; and, 3. Those additions, which, on the authority of manuscripts, Griesbach considers as fit to be admitted into the text." An intermediate advantage to be derived from an edition thus marked is pointed out by the learned editor at the conelusion of his short 18

VOL. H.

preface; viz. that it may thus be seen at once by every one, how very little, after all the labours of learned men, and the collation of so many manuscripts and versions, is liable to just objection in the received text." (British Critic, vol, xxxiv. (O. S.) p. 386.)

In 1811, Professor White published an elegant little work, which may be advantageously substituted for Dr. Griesbach's edition of the Greek Testament, entitled Criseos Griesbachiana in Novum Testamentum Synopsis. "This smalĺ volume is exactly conformable in its design to the beautiful edition of the New Testament, published by Dr. White in 1808; and contains all the variations of any consequence, which can be considered as established, or even rendered probable, by the investigation of Griesbach. The chief part of these readings was given in the margin of that edition, distinguished by the Origenian marks. Here the value of each reading or proposed alteration is stated in words at length, and therefore cannot be misapprehended. This book may therefore be considered as a kind of supplement to that edition, or illustration of it." (British Critic, (O. S.) vol. xxxviii. p. 395.)

27. Novum Testamentum Græcum et Latinum, secundùm curam Leusdenii et Griesbachii, editum ab A. H. Aitton. Lugduni Batavorum, 1809. 18mo.

A neat impression, into the text of which the editor has introduced most of Griesbach's emendations.

28. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Lectiones Variantes Griesbachii præcipuas, necnon quamplurimas voces ellipticas, adjecit Adamus Dickinson. Edinburgi, typis academicis. 12mo. 1811; edit. secunda, 1817.

This edition is avowedly designed for young students of the Greek Testament. The principal elliptical words are printed at the foot of the page; they are selected from Bos, Schoettgenius, and Leisner. The chief various readings of Griesbach are prefixed in four pages. The text is that of Dr. Mill, and is very neatly stereotyped.

29. Testamentum Novum Græcè, ad fidem Recensionis Schoettgenianæ ; addita ex Griesbachii apparatu Lectionis varietate præcipuæ. Upsala; 8vo. 1820.

Schoettgenius published his very useful editions of the Greek Testament at Leipsic in 1744 and 1749, 8vo. entitled H Kaivn Aiadnên. Novum Testamentum Græcum. In sectiones divisit, interpunctiones accurate posuit, et dispositionem logicam adjecit Christianus Schoettgenius. His divisions into sections and his punctuation are very judiciously executed; the common divisions of chapters and verses are retained in the margin. He has followed the Textus Receptus. Schoettgen's edition is the basis of the Upsal one above noticed.

30. Novum Testamentum Græcè. Ad fidem optimorum librorum recensuit A. H. Titmannus, Prof. Lips. 18mo. Lipsiæ, 1820.

Of all the critical editions of the New Testament that have fallen under the author's observation, this of Professor Titmann is one of the most useful, as it unquestionably is the cheapest. The text is a corrected one; that is, Prof. T. has inserted in it such various readings, as are in his judgment preferable to those commonly received, and which have been approved by the most eminent critics; and he has printed an index of the altered passages at the end of the volume. Its portability, in addition to its intrinsic excellence, is no mean recommendation of it to students of the New Testament; the Greek characters, though small, being very distinctly and neatly stereotyped. There are (we understand) some copies on fine paper.

31. H KAINH AIA@HKH. Novum Testamentum Manuale. Glasguæ, ex Prelo Academico: impensis Rivingtons et Cochran, Londini, 1821. 32mo.

This edition contains the Greek text only: it follows the text of Aitton, except in a few instances, in which the received readings are supported by the best authorities, and consequently are most to be preferred. This edition is beautifully printed on the finest blue-tinted writing paper: it was read SIX TIMES, with the utmost care, in passing through the press, and will be found to be unusually accurate. No contractions are used. In point of size, it is the smallest edition of the Greek Testament ever printed in this country.

CHAPTER IV.

ON THE DIVISIONS AND MARKS OF DISTINCTION OCCURRING IN MANUSCRIPTS AND PRINTED EDITIONS OF THE SCRIP

TURES.

SECTION I.

ON THE DIVISIONS AND MARKS OF DISTINCTION OCCURRING IN THE OLD TESTAMENT.

I. Different Appellations given to the Scriptures.-II. General Divisions of the Canonical Books.-III. Particularly of the Old Testament.-1. The Law.-2. The Prophets.-3. The Cetubim or Hagiographa.-IV. Account of the Masora.-V. Modern Divisions of the Books of the Old Testament. — Chapters

and Verses.

I. THE collection of writings, which is regarded by Christians as the sole standard of their faith and practice, has been distinguished, at various periods, by different appellations. Thus, it is frequently termed the Scriptures, the Sacred or Holy Scriptures, and sometimes the Canonical Scriptures. This collection is called The Scriptures, as being the most important of all writings; - the Holy or Sacred Scriptures, because they were composed by persons divinely inspired; and the Canonical Scriptures, either because they are a rule of faith and practice to those who receive them; or because, when the number and authenticity of these books were ascertained, lists of them were inserted in the ecclesiastical canons or catalogues, in order to distinguish them from such books as were apocryphal or of uncertain authority, and unquestionably not of divine origin. But the most usual appellation is that of the BIBLE - a word which in its primary import simply denotes a book, but which is given to the writings of the prophets and apostles, by way of eminence, as being the Book of Books, infinitely superior in excellence to every unassisted production of the human mind.1

II. The most common and general division of the canonical books is that of the Old and New Testament; the former containing those revelations of the divine will which were communicated to the Hebrews, Israelites, or Jews, before the birth of Christ, and the latter comprising the inspired writings of the evangelists and apostles. The appellation of Testament is derived from 2 Cor. iii. 6. 14.; in which place the words η παλαια διαθηκη and η καινη διαθηκη are by the old Latin translators rendered antiquum testamentum and novum testamentum, old and new testaments, instead of antiquum fœdus and novum fœdus, the old and new covenants: for, although the Greek word dan signifies both testament and covenant, yet it uniformly corresponds with the Hebrew word Berith, which constantly signifies a

1 Lardner's Works, 8vo. vol. vi. pp. 1-8. 4to. vol. ii. pp. 137-140. Jahn, Introd. ad Vet. Fœd. p. 7.

covenant. The term "old covenant," used by Saint Paul in 2 Cor. iii. 14. does not denote the entire collection of writings which we term the Bible, but those antient institutions, promises, threatenings, and in short the whole of the Mosaic dispensation, related in the Pentateuch, and in the writings of the prophets; and which in process of time were, by a metonymy, transferred to the books themselves. Thus we find mention made of the book of the covenant in Exodus (xxiv. 7.) and in the apocryphal books of Maccabees (Macc. i. 57.): and after the example of the apostle, the same mode of designating the sacred writings obtained among the first Christians, from whom it has been transmitted to modern times.

III. The arrangement of the books comprising the Old Testament, which is adopted in our Bibles, is not always regulated by the exact time when the books were respectively written; although the book of Genesis is universally allowed to be the first, and the prophecy of Malachi to be the latest of the inspired writings. Previously to the building of Solomon's temple, the Pentateuch was deposited in the side of the ark of the covenant, (Deut. xxxi. 24-26.), to be consulted by the Israelites; and after the erection of that sacred edifice, it was deposited in the treasury, together with all the succeeding productions of the inspired writers. On the subsequent destruction of the temple by Nebuchadnezzar, the autographs of the sacred books are supposed to have perished: although some learned men have conjectured that they were preserved, because it does not appear that Nebuchadnezzar evinced any particular enmity against the Jewish religion, and in the account of the sacred things carried to Babylon, (2 Kings xxv. 2 Chron. xxxvi. Jer. liii.) no mention is made of the sacred books. However this may be, it is a fact, that copies of these autographs were carried to Babylon: for we find the prophet Daniel quoting the law (Dan. ix. 11. 13.), and also expressly mentioning the prophecies of Jeremiah (ix. 2.), which he could not have done, if he had never seen them. We are further informed that on the rebuilding, or rather on the finishing, of the temple in the sixth year of Darius, the Jewish worship was fully re-established according as it is written in the book of Moses (Ezra vi. 18.): which would have been impracticable, if the Jews had not had copies of the law then among them. But what still more clearly proves that they must have had transcripts of their sacred writings during, as well as subsequent to, the Babylonish captivity, is the fact, that when the people requested Ezra to produce the law of Moses (Nehem. viii. 1.), they did not entreat him to get it dictated anew to them; but that he would bring forth the book of the law of Moses, which the Lord had commanded to Israel."

About fifty years after the rebuilding of the temple, and the consequent re-establishment of the Jewish religion, it is generally ad

1 Jerome, Comment. in Malachi, cap. ii. op. tom. iii. p. 1816.

2 Dr. Lardner has collected several passages from early Christian writers, who thus metonymically use the word Testament. Works, 8vo. vol. vi. p. 9. 4to. vol. ii. p. 140.