do not participate of the prayers and sacrifices offered for them; these being in the nature of suffrages or intercessions with God.

The EIGHTH ARTICLE;-is expressed in the catechism, in the following terms :-" And in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and giver of life, who proceeds from the Father; and, together with the Father and Son, is adored and glorified, and who spoke by the prophets." This article employs the 70th, 71st, 72d, 73d, 74th, 75th, 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, and 81st Questions and Answers.

It is generally known that the great point of difference between the Latin and Greek churches, is, that the former maintains, that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son, and the latter maintains that the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father only. The opinion of each church is anathematised by the other.

A second charge is brought by the Greeks against the Latins, that they interpolated the genuine text of the Nicene Creed, by foisting into the text, the words, " and the Son-Filioque." On this point 3 things are clear,-1st, That they were inserted in the French and Spanish copies of the Creed, before they were inserted in the Roman; 2d, That Pope Leo the Third, though from the first he explicitly avowed and propounded the double procession of the Holy Spirit, yet disapproved, in the first instance, of the insertion of the words in question in the symbol, as an alteration of the original text; 3d, But that, soon after they had been inserted by the French and Spanish churches, they were inserted and chaunted in the Roman liturgies. (See Petav. Dogmata Theologica, 1. 7. p. 362.) Through the whole of the dispute, the conduct of Leo was marked with great good sense and moderation. When the Missi of Charlemagne pressed him to declare, that all who rejected the Filioque, or at least, all who rejected the doctrine must be damned, he checked their precipitancy; "all," he said, " are not capable of understanding the higher mysteries: he, who is capable of understanding them, and will not, cannot be saved-(Collect. Conc. tom. ix. p. 277, 286)."

The NINTH ARTICLE of the Creed," I believe in the one

Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church," begins with the 97th question and answer. The Catholic Church is said to contain all particular Catholic churches. A primacy of rank is said to have been assigned to the church of Jerusalem, for its being the only church that was favoured with the presence of Christ; the first church that was honoured by the preaching of the gospel, the first that received the forgiveness of sins, and the blessing of salvation, and the church, from which the tidings of the gospel were propagated throughout the world.-Afterwards, (continues the Catechism,) the Emperors conferred a superiority of rank on ancient and new Rome, as the seats of empire, and it was confirmed to them by the 3d canon of the second Ecumenical council of Constantinople.

The Catechism reckons nine precepts of the Church.

ässist on Sundays or Holidays at the divine offices of the Church: 2. To observe the four solemn fasts: 3. To reverence the ministers of God, as Spiritual Fathers: 4. To make a confession of sins, four times a year, to a priest regularly ordained: 5. To avoid reading the books of heretics: 6. To pray to God for every state and order of men: 7. To observe the fasts and devotions commanded by the metropolitan or Diocesan Bishop : 8. To respect the property of the Church, and provide her ministers with a suitable maintenance; 9. Not to solemnize marriages in times forbidden by the Church.

"I

The questions and answers on the TENTH ARTICLE of the Nicene Creed;" I confess one Baptism for the remission of sins," extend from the 97th to the 120th. 66 Baptism," says the Catechism, "being the first mystery of the Church, this seems a proper place to discuss her seven mysteries; Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Priesthood, Honourable Marriage, and Extreme Unction. These answer to the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost, because, by them the Holy Ghost infuses his gifts and graces on those who use the sacraments properly on which subject the patriarch Hieremias treats at length, in his book for converting the Lutherans.

"A mystery is a certain holy ceremony, which, under a visible sign, is the cause of invisible grace, and infuses it into the soul;

it is instituted by our Lord, and by it each of the faithful receives grace."

The Catechism then explains these mysteries successively. Respecting the Eucharist, (question and answer, 106), it says,"under the visible species of bread and wine, Jesus Christ is present truly and properly, that is, in reality." It then (question and answer 107) describes the ceremony, and proceeds,-" at the instant of the consecration, the priest is to say, O God! send down thy spirit from heaven upon us, and upon these proffered gifts. Make the bread, the precious body of thy Christ; and that which is in the cup, make the precious blood of thy Christ; transforming them by the holy spirit. While he pronounces these words, the transubstantiation (μerovo wo15), is instantaneously effected; the bread is changed into the true body of Christ, the wine into his true blood, the species of each remaining visible by the divine disposition. Both Priests and laity should participate of this mystery under both kinds, viz. both of the bread and the wine. Moreover the honor shewn to these tremendous mysteries, should be equal and similar to that which is shewn to Christ himself."

The ELEVENTH ARTICLE, "I expect the resurrection of the dead," employs the 120, 121, 122, 123, and 124th questions and answers.

The TWELFTH ARTICLE, "and the life of the world to come," employs the three remaining questions and answers.

III.

The second and third parts of the Catechism.

The 2d and 3d parts of the Catechism, treat principally of the duties of man-as the present work is confined to the creeds of Christians, a slight mention only, of these parts of the Catechism suits this place.

The SECOND PART contains a brief exposition of the Lord's Prayer. The words, "For thine are the kingdom and power

and glory for ever," are mentioned as an epilogue to the prayer. The answer to the 28th question, observes, that speaking gene rally, these words, when a clergyman is present, should be pronounced by the clergyman only, on account of the loftiness of the sentiments which they express: but recommends that they never should be omitted.

Nine Beatitudes are reckoned:-The verse (V. Mat. 11.), . Blessed are ye, when they shall revile you, and persecute you, and speak all that is naught against you, for my sake: rejoice and exult, for great is your reward in heaven," form the ninth. In treating of the beatitude of the merciful, the catechism reckons seven works of spiritual and seven of temporal mercy. This part of the catechism contains 63 questions, and as many an

swers.

The THIRD PART contains 72; and treats of good works, the four Cardinal virtues, Prudence, Justice, Fortitude and Temperance; original and voluntary sin, the 7 capital sins, Pride, Avarice, Fornication, Envy, Gluttony, Desire of Revenge and Sloth. Of Despair and Presumption; of the 3 sins against the Holy Ghost; of murder, oppression of the poor, and undutifulness to parents,—sins which, even in this life, are said to bring down Divine vengeance on the offenders:-of venial sins; of the manner by which we become guilty of the sins of others; of the two commandments of Christ; and the ten precepts which are derived from them. The worship of God alone, is said not to forbid the invocation of the saints, as friends, through whose intercession God sometimes pleases to bestow his favours.

The fifth answer states, that "there is a great difference between images and idols. For idols are mere works or inventions of men, as the apostle testifies, when he says, (1 Cor. viii. 4,) we know that an idol is nothing in the world. "But an image is the representation of a thing that really exists in the world. Such is the image of our Lord and Saviour Christ; and the images of the holy Virgin Mary and all the Saints. Moreover, the pagans adored the idols as gods; believing, as did Nebuchodinoser of old, that the gold and Silver of them was God

But, when we venerate and adore images, we do not worship the colours tinctured on the wood, or the wood itself; but we worship the saints represented by the images, with that kind of veneration which is termed Dulia: thus bringing their presence into our minds, as if we beheld them with our eyes. For example, when we adore the images of Jesus crucified, then in the eye of the mind, we place Christ himself, hanging on the cross for our salvation; and we bend our heads and knees to him, with a religious act of thankfulness. In the same manner, when we venerate the image of the Virgin Mary, then we ascend in mind to the most holy mother of God, and bend our head, and bend our knee to her. It is clear, therefore, that this adoration of holy images, received in the orthodox church, does not derogate from the precept. For it is not the same adoration as that which we pay to God; nor is it paid by the orthodox to the image or painting, but to the persons of those saints, which the images represent."