TURKEY IN EUROPE, GREECE, ROUMANIA, SERVIA, MOTENEGRO,

BULGARIA.

748

TURKEY IN ASIA....

750

8-vol, ed. p. 2.

DEC 13

RUVO IN APULIA-RYE-GRASS.

RU'VO IN APU'LIA, a city of southern Italy, province of Bari, and 22 miles west of the city of that name. Pop. (1872) 15,055. It is built upon a rising ground, contains many churches, and two museums of Italo-Grecian vases, and is famous for its potteries. The staple produce is grain, pulse, and dried fruits. R. is the Rubi of Horace.

3

Canal, goods to the value of £4,000,000; and the Vyshnivolotsk Canal, goods to the value of £2,000,000. There is, besides, the railway. Pop. (1880) 15,050.

RYDE, a flourishing and fashionable watering-place and markettown, on the north coast of the Isle of Wight, Hampshire, occupies the east and north slopes of a hill six miles south-south-west RUYSDAEL, or RUÏSDAEL, JAKOB, was born at Haarlem. of Portsmouth from which it is separated by the roadstead of Spit The date of his birth is uncertain; some make it 1625, others 1630 Head. It consists of Upper and Lower R.; the former anciently or 1635. It is said that there is a picture by him signed and dated called Rye, or La Riche, and the latter of quite modern construction. 1645, which makes the last date improbable. He died in 1681. It The shores are wooded to the verge of the water, and the appearhas been stated, that for some years he directed his attention to ance of the town, with its streets and houses interspersed with trees, the study and practice of surgery, but was advised by his friend is pleasing and picturesque. The pier, nearly a mile in length, Nicholas Berghem to devote his time to painting. In his pictures forms an excellent promenade. Yacht and boat-building are carthe trees are excellent in form, the foliage touched with sharp-ried on to some extent. Steamers cross every hour to Portsmouth ness and precision, and the skies are light and floating. His style in summer, and several times a day in winter. R., the largest of composition is entirely original, and characterized by a certain town in the island, had, in 1881, 11,422 inhabitants. R. is concompactness in the arrangement; the Italian painters have gen- nected with Ventnor by a railway. erally groups of trees at the sides, and running out of the picture; in R.'s compositions, they are almost always massed within the picture. R. and Hobbima hold about an equal position namely, that of the best landscape-painters of the Dutch school; but R. was also equally eminent for his sea-pieces. His etchings, seven in number, are much prized by collectors. Jan van Kessel and Jan Renier de Vries were imitators of Ruysdael. His elder brother, Salomo (born circa 1613, died 1676), was also a painter of

some note.

RYE, a seaport, market-town, and parliamentary and municipal borough in the south-east of the county of Sussex, ten miles north-east of Hastings. It is charmingly situated on an eminence bounded east by the Rother, and south and west by the Tillingham, which streams unite here, and, entering the sea two miles below the town, form the old harbor. The appearance of the town is remarkably quaint and old-fashioned. Overlooking the junction of the streams is a small castle built by William de Ypres, in the reign of Stephen, and now used as a jail. The RUYTER, MICHAEL ADRIAANSZOON VAN, Dutch admiral, church is a beautiful and interesting structure-the central tower, was born at Vlissingen in 1607, of poor parents, who sent him to transepts, a number of circular arches, &c., all being early Norsea as a cabin boy when only eleven years old. He became a man. In former times the sea flowed close up to R., washing the warrant officer, and in 1635 rose to be a captain in the Dutch | rock on which the Ypres tower stands, but it has retired to a disnavy. After serving several years in the Indian seas, he was, in tance of two miles. The harbor admits vessels of 200 tons, and 1645, made rear-admiral. He engaged and sunk a piratic Algerine has been recently improved. This ancient town receives historisquadron off Sallee in 1647. In 1652, when war broke out be- cal mention as early as 893. It was walled on two sides by tween the States and England, then under the Protectorate, he Edward III., and contributed nine ships to the fleet with which was placed in command of a squadron, and ordered to convoy a that monarch invaded France. Brewing, ship-building, and trade large number of merchant-ships. He was met by the English in corn, hops, &c., are carried on. R. is one of the Cinque Ports, fleet under Sir G. Ayscough off Plymouth, and an engagement and sends a member to parliament. Pop. (1881) of municipal b., took place. Neither of the fleets gained any decisive advantage; 4220; of parl. b., 8409. but R. succeeded in saving his convoy. In 1653, when a fight of RYE (Secale), a genus of grasses, allied to Wheat and Barley, three days took place between the English and Dutch fleets off and having spikes which generally consist of two-flowered, rarely Portland, R. commanded a division under Van Tromp. The Eng- of three-flowered, spikelets; the florets furnished with terminal lish, under Blake, finally obtained a great victory, taking and de-awns, only the upper floret stalked. One species (S. cereale) is a stroying 11 Dutchi men-of-war and 30 merchantmen. The states- well-known grain. It has, when in fruit, a roundish-quadrangugeneral, in 1659, sent him to assist Denmark against Sweden. He lar spike, with a tough rachis. Its native country, as in the case defeated the Swedish fleet, and obtained a title of nobility and a of the other most important cereals, is somewhat doubtful; but pension from the king of Denmark. In 1664, he fell upon the it is said to be found wild in the desert regions near the Caspian English factories at Cape Verde, and attempted to seize the island Sea, and on the highest mountains of the Crimea. It has long of Barbadoes. As other depredations of the Dutch upon English been cultivated as a cereal plant; although the supposed mention merchants, as well in the East Indies as on the high seas, were of it in Exodus ix. 32 is doubtful, spelt being perhaps intended. complained of, war was declared against the Dutch. In June It is much cultivated in the north of Europe and in some parts of 1666, R. and Van Tromp, with 90 sail, engaged the English fleet Asia. Its cultivation does not extend so far north as that of barunder Prince Rupert and the Duke of Albemarle. Both sides ley; but it grows in regions too cold for wheat, and on soils too fought with such obstinacy that the battle lasted four days, and poor and sandy for any other grain. Its ripening can also be ended without any decisive result. In July, the conflict was remore confidently reckoned upon in cold regions than that of any newed, when the English gained a complete victory, destroying other grain. But R. succeeds best, and is most productive, in a above 20 of R.'s men-of-war. In 1667, he destroyed the shipping climate where wheat still ripens. It delights in sandy soils. at Sheerness, sailed up the Medway as far as Chatham, burned The varieties of R. are numerous, although much less so than several English men-of-war, and effected more towards the con- those of other important cereals. Some are best fitted for sowing clusion of peace at Breda (1667) than any diplomatist. In 1671, in autumn, others for sowing in spring. The former kinds (Winhe commanded the Dutch fleet, and fought several battles with ter R.) are most extensively cultivated, being generally the most the combined English and French fleets, but without decisive re-productive. In some places on the continent of Europe, R. is sults. In 1675, he was sent to the Mediterranean. He fought, sown at midsummer, mowed for green fodder in autumn, and left off the coast of Sicily, a desperate battle with the French fleet, to shoot in spring, which it does at the same time with autumnunder the celebrated Admiral Duquesne. Victory declared itself sown R., producing a good crop of small but very mealy grain. on the side of the French; but R. made good his retreat into the In Britain, R. is not a common grain crop, and is cultivated to a harbor of Syracuse. He had his legs shattered in the engagement, smaller extent than it formerly was; the sandy soils, to which it and died of his wounds, April 1676. Europe did justice to his is best adapted, being improved and fitted for other kinds of corn. bravery; and Louis XIV. said he could not help regretting the It is, however, sometimes sown to be used as a green crop, for loss of a great man, although an enemy. His death was deeply feeding sheep and oxen in winter, and is found particularly good mourned by his countrymen, and a splendid monument was erect- for milch cows. It is sometimes also mown for horses and other ed to his memory at Amsterdam. animals.-Bread made of R. is much used in the north of Europe. It is of a dark color, more laxative than that made of wheat-flour, and perhpas, rather less nutritious. R. is much used for fermentation and distillation, particularly for the making of Hollands. R. affected with Ergot (q. v.) is a very dangerous article of food. The straw of R. is tougher than that of any other corn-plant, and differs from Common R. in having a very hard, red-like culm; ears, 3-5 inches long, flatly compressed, with a brittle rachis, and 50-60 closely imbricated spikelets. It endures for many years, but is not much cultivated, as its grain is slender, and does

RY'AN. LOCH. See WIGTOWNSHIRE. RYBI'NSK, a district town of Great Russia, in the government of Jaroslav, stands on the right bank of the Volga, 418 miles eastsouth-east of St. Petersburg. It is the great center of the corn trade on the Volga, and, after Nijni Novgorod, is the chief commercial center on that river. The trade of R. consists princi-is much valued for straw-plait. -PERENNIAL R. (S. perenne) pally in transhipping and forwarding to the capital the goods brought hither by large vessels up the Volga. For this purpose, upwards of 6000 barges are built here every year. The landingplace extends along the river for several miles, and is divided into nine sections, each of which is appropriated to special varie- not yield an easily separable flour. ties of goods. The chief articles of trade are corn, flour, tallow, RYE-GRASS (Lolium), a genus of grasses, having a two-rowed, spirits, metals and timber, and these are forwarded to St. Peters-flatly-compressed spike, the spikelets appressed edgewise to the burg by three systems of communications, of which the Mariinsky rachis. COMMON R., or PERENNIAL R. (L. Perenne), the RayCanal, conveys goods to the value of £5,000,000; the Tichvin grass of the older English authors, is frequent on waysides, and