At the grocer's they sell Chez EXERCISE X. sugar, salt, pepper, vinegar, épicier on vend sucre (m) sel(m) poivre(m) vinaigre(m) etc. То obtain success (we Pour obtenir succès (m) il oil, mustard, preserves, huile (f) moutarde (f) confitures (f). must have) industry and perseverance. faut 20 (f) In an army there must be (f). Dans armée(f) il doit y avoir order and discipline. England possesses fine horses. Spain produces fine oranges. Sicily possesses beautiful marbles. produit belles CHAPTER II. OF THE SUBSTANTIVE. 38. A Substantive or Noun is a word which expresses the name of a person, or of an object (material, spiritual, or ideal); such as, homme, man; livre, book; espérance, hope; Dieu, God. 39. There are two sorts of nouns, Common and Proper. The noun Common belongs to all persons or things of the same kind; as, enfant, child; arbre, tree; the noun Proper applies to one particular person or thing; as, Paris, les Alpes, Charles, Colbert. GENDER. 40. Gender marks the distinction of sex. In French there are but two genders; the masculine, belonging to males; and the feminine, belonging to females. As there is no neuter, inanimate objects are either masculine or feminine.1 Masculine. L'homme, the man. Le lion, the lion. Le soleil, the sun. Feminine. La femme, the woman. La lune, the moon. 1 Practice and Dictionaries are undoubtedly the best, indeed the only practical means to learn the genders of inanimate objects. NUMBER. 41. There are two numbers, the Singular and the Plural. FORMATION OF THE PLURAL. (The following rules apply to nouns, adjectives, and participles.) 42. GENERAL RULE.-Add s to the singular; as, le bon roi, the good king; les bons rois, the good kings. 43. EXCEPTION FIRST.-Words ending in s, x, or z do not change in the plural; as, un fils vertueux, a virtuous son; des fils vertueux, virtuous sons. 44. EXCEPTION SECOND.-Words ending in au, eu, in the singular, take an x in the plural instead of an s; as, le beau château, the beautiful castle; les beaux châteaux, the beautiful castles; however, bleu and feu (late), follow the general rule. Add also x to the following words in ou: bijou, jewel; caillou, pebble; chou, cabbage; genou, knee; hibou, owl. 45. EXCEPTION THIRD.-Words ending in ail or al, change that termination into aux for the plural. Ex., cardinal (s.), cardinaux (pl.); travail, work (s.), travaux (pl.); corail (s.), coraux (pl.); however, bal, naval, carnaval, détail, portail, sérail, gouvernail, and a few others seldom used, follow the general rule. 46. Irregularities:-Aieul, ciel, and oil, have two plurals. Aieul, grandfather, aieuls (for grandfathers), and aieux (for forefathers). Ciel, heaven, cieux (heavens), and ciels (sky of a picture). Eil, eye, yeux (eyes of the body), ails (bull's eyes). Bétail, cattle (s.), makes bestiaux (pl.) Ail, garlic, makes aulx (pl.) Tout, all, every (s.), tous (pl.) Penny (English coin), pence (pl.). EXERCISE XI. Spell or write the plural of the following: homme, femme, fruit, noix, souris, tapis, Français, Anglaise, man woman nut mouse carpet French English (f.) Chinois, Turc, cheval, agneau, nuage, feu, gaz, neveu, horse lamb cloud fire feu, trou, chou, late (deceased) hole cabbage royal, beau, nephew crystal, hibou, matou, filou, travail, owl tom-cat sharper work bas, hat stocking poisson, oiseau, belle, grand, bétail, gouvernail, chapeau beautiful beautiful (f) great cattle rudder acacia, héros, ciel, vertueux, heureux, bleu, hero heaven virtuous happy blue charmante, gras, œuf, œil, armée, tout, final. charming (f) fat egg eye army all EXERCISE XII. fish bird Translate, and put the following phrases in the plural:--1. Une loi juste. 2. Un bois épais. 3. L'étoile brillante. 4. Un ruisseau limpide. 5. Une montagne escarpée. 6. Un négociant anglais. 7. Une aurore boréale. 8. Un décret impérial. 9. Un monument colossal. 10. Un choix heureux. 11. Un cordon bleu. 12. Un fardeau pesant. 13. Un détail superflu. 14. Un travail utile. 15. Un filou audacieux. 16. L'habit noir. 17. Le chapeau pointu. 18. Un sou français. 19. L'œil intelligent. 20. Le cheval fougueux. 21. Le héros magnanime. 22. Un tribunal sévère. 23. L'amiral hollandais. 24. Le cardinal romain. 25. Une idée extraordinaire. 26. Une locomotive aérienne. CHAPTER III. OF THE ADJECTIVE. 47. The Adjective is a word added to a substantive (expressed or understood), with which it agrees in gender and number. 48. There are five classes of Adjectives; viz., Qualificative, Numeral, Possessive, Demonstrative, and Indefinite. QUALIFICATIVE ADJECTIVES. FORMATION OF THE FEMININE. Note. The following rules apply to all words which are susceptible of having a feminine. 49. GENERAL RULE.-The feminine is formed by adding e mute to the masculine; as, petit (m.), petit-e (f.), small; charmant (m.), charmant-e (f.), charming. 50. Adjectives ending in e mute are the same in both genders; as, un homme aimable; une femme aimable. 51. Adjectives in ƒ change ƒ into ve for the fem.; as, un chapeau neuf, une robe neuve. 52. Adjectives in x change x into se for the fem.; as, il est heureux, elle est heureuse. 53. Adjectives ending in el, eil, en, on, et, become feminine by doubling the final consonant and adding e mute; as, cruel, cruelle; muet, muette. But complet, discret, secret, complète, discrète, etc. sotte, foolish. paysan, paysanne, peasant. inquiet, make in the feminine 54. The adjectives and feminine by adding an e mute, and putting a grave accent on the preceding e. Ex., cher, chère; fier, fière; berger, bergère; cuisinier, cuisinière; dernier, dernière, etc. nouns ending in er become 55. Five adjectives have a double masculine, but only one feminine; they are Note. The second masculine form, bel, fol, etc., is used before a vowel or h mute. Ex, bel enfant; fol espoir. 56. Adjectives ending in eur change eur into euse for the feminine. Ex., trompeur, trompeuse, deceitful, from tromper, to deceive; except enchanteur, enchanteresse, enchanting; pécheur, pécheresse, sinner; chasseur, chasseresse, hunter; vengeur, vengeresse, avenger; bailleur, bailleresse; défendeur, défenderesse; gouverneur, gouvernante; serviteur, servante. Except also those ending in teur, which make trice in the feminine. Ex., acteur, actrice; bienfaiteur, bienfaitrice; which terminations are derived from the Latin terminations tor and trix. 57. Irregularities:- Malin, maligne; bénin, bénigne ; blanc, blanche; franc, franche; sec, sèche; frais, fraiche; turc, turque; grec, grecque; franc, franque; public, publique; jumeau, jumelle; long, longue; traitre, traitresse; tiers, tierce; empereur, impératrice. EXERCISE XIII. ON THE FORMATION OF THE FEMININE. The pupil will replace the hyphen by the adjective used in the phrase immediately before, and put it in the feminine. 2. Un petit garçon; une 4. Un langage bref; 6. Un faux 1. Un homme prudent; une femme fille. 3. Un ami sincère; une parole 5. Un acte honteux; une conduite signature. 7. Un vieux bouquin; un vieil hersorcière. 8. Un bon déjeuner; une une voyelle passe-port; une mite; une 9. L'amour paternel; la sévérité 11. Un gros rat; une ligne. action. 10. Le bœuf gras; la panse pomme. 12. Le premier élève; la 13. Un esprit fier; une âme 14. Un nouveau système ; le- an (m.); la année (f.) 15. Un projet flatteur; une pensée 16. Un site enchanteur; une beauté seur; Diane la 17. Nimrod le chas19. Le 20. Un cygne blanc; une génisse 22. Un auteur favori; une 18. Un esprit supérieur; une femme génie créateur; la puissance 21. L'idiôme grec; la religion récréation majeure. Frédégonde. 24. Le |