Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation

Couverture
Springer Science & Business Media, 31 mai 1987 - 675 pages
The study of electromagnetic bioeffects is multidisciplinary; it draws heavily from the disciplines of physics, engineering, mathematics, biol ogy, chemistry, medicine, and environmental health. This book is about these disciplines and how they mutually integrate in the study of electromagnetic pathophysiology. Over aperiod of years, the authors have become increasingly aware of the difficulty in locating information concerning interaction of electro magnetic energy and biological tissues. There are numerous reports and publications, but no single comprehensive source in the American literature where such information is readily accessible. Regrettably, much of the importantinformation is contained in government documents and reports, some of which are inaccessible, or spread through many diverse journals, making retrieval and analysis of the material difficult. Although this book is primarily clinically oriented, it also focuses on those biophysical, biochemical, and fundamental molecular studies and findings that provide the basis for understanding the presence or absence of pathophysiological manifestations of exposure to radiofrequency, including microwave, energies. Detailed discussion and analysis of the relevant comprehensive physics, engineering, and biophysics are con tained in Chapters 2-5. Because the treatment is multidisciplinary, wherever possible analy sis is begun with basic background information that may appear elementary to some readers but is essential to understanding for those from a different discipline. Most confusion and controversies that exist in the field today arise from individuals of one discipline not appreciating basic facts or theories from another.
 

Pages sélectionnées

Table des matières

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1
PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF RADIO AND MICROWAVE RADIATION
11
211 Maxwells Equations
12
212 Boundary Conditions
14
213 Wave Equations
16
215 Plane Waves
17
216 Polarization of Plane Waves
18
22 Propagation of Plane Waves
19
911 Summary
352
References
354
NEURAL EFFECTS OF MICROWAVERADIOFREQUENCY ENERGIES
361
102 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Energy Nueral Tissue Interaction
366
703 In Vitro Sudies
370
104 Effects in Experimental Animals
376
1041 Electroencephalographic Changes
377
1042 Biochemical Changes
379

222 Plane Waves in Lossy Media
20
223 Reflection and Transmission at Interfaces
23
224 Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves
26
23 Waves in Enclosed Space
28
232 Cavities
32
233 Waveguide and Cavity Excitation
35
24 Radiation of Electromagnetic Energy
36
241 The Short Dipole
37
242 Near Fields
39
243 Receiving Characteristics
43
References
45
RADIO AND MICROWAVE DOSIMETRY AND MEASUREMENT
47
32 Irradiation of Biological Systems
48
322 TEM Chambers
52
323 Microstrip Exposure Systems
55
324 Waveguide Chambers
56
325 Multimode Cavity
62
326 Anechoic Chambers
63
33 Field Measuring Methods
66
332 Other Instruments
73
34 Absorption Measuring Methods
74
341 WholeBody Absorption
75
342 Distribution of Absorbed Energy Probe Measurements
79
343 Distribution of Absorbed Energy Thermographic Measurements
84
References
88
RADIO AND MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
93
42 Relaxation Mechanism
95
421 LowLoss Dielectric Materials
97
422 Lossy Dielectrics at Low Frequencies
98
423 Biological Materials
102
44 Methods of Permittivity Measurement
103
441 Radiofrequency Techniques
104
442 Microwave Techniques
111
45 Permittivity of Water
117
46 Dielectric Properties of Biological Materials
120
47 Dielectric Properties of Tumor Tissue
132
References
134
PROPAGATION AND ABSORPTION IN TISSUE MEDIA
137
51 Planar Tissue Geometries
138
512 Multiple Layers of Tissue
141
52 Bodies of Revolution
146
522 Prolate Spheroidal Tissue Models
160
53 Complex Tissue Models
171
532 Models of the Human Body
177
54 Scaled Dielectric Bodies
195
541 Thermographic Measurements
196
542 Probe Measurements
202
55 Laboratory Animal Models
204
552 Distribution of Absorbed Energy
211
References
218
CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICAL LITERATURE
223
62 Analysis of Scientific
225
63 The Nature of Caausality
228
64 Scaling
230
References
238
MOLECULAR CELLULAR INVERTEBRATE BIOLOGY
241
72 Cell Membranes
244
74 Effects on Microorganisms
245
742 Mechanisms of Microbial Action
250
75 Effects on Protozoa and Other Unicellular Organisms
256
76 Chromosome Genetic Effects
258
77 Hyperthermia and Cell Kinetics
269
78 Effects on Invertebrates
272
781 Genetic Effects
273
Insect Control
275
References
277
REPRODUCTION DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH
287
82 Embryonic Development
294
References
310
THERMOREGULATION
317
92 Thermoregulation
321
93 The Physiology of Thermoregulation
327
94 Adaptation
338
95 Thermal Stress
339
96 Response to Absorption RF Energy
342
97 Acute Lethality
344
98 Response to Local Exposure to MWRF Energies
348
99 Comparisons of Exposure to Microwaves and Infrared
349
1043 Histopathology
384
1044 Influence of Drugs
387
105 Effects on the Blood Brain Barrier
389
106 Observations in the Human
395
707 The Soviet Approach to Biology and Medicine
399
References
402
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS
413
NEUROENDOCRINE EFFECTS
425
122 Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Effects
430
124 HypothalamicHypophysialThyroidal Response
434
125 Growth Hormone
437
126 NeuroendocrineMetabolic Correlations
438
727 Neuroendocrine Activity and Cardiovascular
439
729 Conclusion
441
References
445
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
451
1312 WholeBody or Regional Exposure
452
1313 Atherosclerosis
458
1314 Pharmacodynamics
459
132 Reported Observations in the Human
460
133 Implanted Electronic Cardiac Pacemaker Interference
472
1332 The Electronic Cardiac Pacemaker
473
1334 Clinical Reports
475
1335 Laboratory Tests
478
1336 Control of Potential Hazards
481
References
484
EFFECTS ON HEMATOPOIESIS AND HEMATOLOGY
489
142 Animal Experiments
492
143 Reported Observations in the Human
505
References
508
EFFECTS ON IMMUNE RESPONSES
513
BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS
523
161 Enzyme Activity
524
162 Metabolism
527
1622 Protein Metabolism
529
163 Histamine Release
530
164 Clinical Chemistry Serum Proteins Electrolytes
531
References
534
THE COMMON INTEGUMENT SKIN
539
172 Thermal Perception
542
173 Pain Perception
546
174 Biochemistry
549
175 Pathology Burns
550
References
554
CATARACTS AND OTHER OCULAR EFFECTS
559
1821 Definition of Cataract
563
1822 Classification and Appearance
565
1823 Age Factors
566
1824 Mechanisms of Opacification
568
1826 Etiology of Cataract
570
183 Spectral Transmission of the Ocular Media
574
184 Radiation Cataracts
575
185 Effects of Microwave on the Ocular Lens
579
1852 Biochemical Changes
585
1853 Frequency Specificity
586
1854 Modulation Effects
587
186 Thermal Aspects of Microwave Cataractogenesis
589
187 Concept of Threshold and Cumulative Effects
592
188 Problems in Simulation Studies and Extrapolation to the Human
595
References
597
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND OTHER INVESTIGATIONS IN THE HUMAN
603
191 Nervous System and Cardiovascular Effects
609
192 Ocular Effects
611
193 Fertility Sterility
623
194 Growth and Development
624
195 Cancer
626
References
631
PERSONNEL PROTECTION PROTECTION GUIDES AND STANDARDS
637
204 Exposure Standards
638
2041 Occupational Standard USA
640
2043 American National Standards Institute ANSI
642
2044 Standards in Various Countries
644
2045 Criteria for Setting Tolerance Levels and Exposure Standards
647
References
656
PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
659
INDEX
663
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