and powers of the connective parts thereof be properly expressed. In the Hebrew language, the connectives being few, are used with more latitude of signification, than belongs to the connectives which properly correspond to them in other languages. Wherefore, in translating the books of the New Testament, it ought to be remembered, that the authors of these books being Jews, naturally used the Greek particles and prepositions, not only in all the variety of their own significations, but in the variety also of the significations of the corresponding Hebrew particles and prepositions. And of these various significations, the one which best suits the passage where the particle is found, ought to be expressed in the translation; otherwise, the inspired writer's train of thought will disappear, and the course of his reasoning be interrupted, perhaps inverted. Wherefore, to lay a proper foundation for a right translation of the scriptures, the following examples are produced, chiefly from the scriptures themselves, to prove the variety of meanings, affixed by the sacred writers to the Greek particles, by which they have connected the dif ferent parts of their discourse,

ΑΛΛΑ.

76. A is sometimes used affirmatively, and must be translated yea, also, certainly. This sense of aλ is acknowledged by Hoogeveen, who renders it by the Latin words immo, etiam, Acts xix. 2. Axa, Indeed we have not so much as heard that the Holy Ghost is given.-Rom. viii. 37. Axa, Nay, in all these things*. -2 Cor. vii. 11, Aλa, Yea, what clearing of yourselves; (arra) yea, what indignation; (adλa) yea, what zeal; (anλu) yea, what revenge*,—In this passage, however, a might better be translated also-Rom. vi. 5. For seeing we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, (adλa naı) certainly we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection.

77. A is sometimes used by the Greeks as the first word of a discourse, and signifies now, now indeed. Of this use of λλe, Hoogeveen has produced examples from the best Greek writers.

78. A is likewise used causally, and must be translated for, because, John vii. 12. Others said no, (λλ) for he deceiveth

the people.-1 Cor. iv. self.-1 Cor. xv. 10. was not vain; (aλλα) them.2 Cor. vii. 14.

3. Aλa, Because I do not condemn myAnd his grace which was bestowed on me, for I laboured more abundantly than all of I am not ashamed; (aa) for as I spake

all things, &c.-1 Thess. ii. 2. Aλλa nai, For although we had before suffered.-Titus i. 15. But to the polluted and unfaithful nothing is pure, (aλña) because both their understanding, &c.— 2 Pet. i. 16. We have not followed cunningly devised fables, when we made known to you the power and coming of our Lord Jesus Christ. (A) For we were eye-witnesses of his majesty. 79. A is used illatively, and must be translated, wherefore, therefore. Acts x. 19. Three men seek thee, (aλa) therefore arise and get thee down.-Acts xxvi. 15. I am Jesus whom thou persecutest, (aλda avarindi) wherefore arise*.-2 Cor. viii. 7. Axa, Therefore as ye abound in every thing*.-Eph. v. 24. AM, Therefore as the church is subject*.

Is not mine to give,
They saw no one,

80. Axa, Unless, except. Matt. xx. 23. (anos) except to them, &c.-Mark ix. 8. (aa) save Jesus only*.—2 Cor. ii. 5. If a certain person hath grieved me, he hath not grieved me, (anλ) except by a part of you.-2 Cor. v. 12. We do not recommend ourselves to you, (añλa) but only give you an occasion.-1 John ii. 27. Ye have no need that any one should teach you, (aλλ' wç) except as the same anointing teacheth you concerning all things.

81. Aλ, Yet, however. Rom. x. 18. Aλλ, Yet I say, they have not heard.-1 Cor. iv. 4. I know nothing by myself, (aλλa) yet am I not hereby justified*.—1 Cor. xii. 24. Aλz, However, God hath tempered the body.—1 Cor. xiv. 20. Axλa, Howbeit in malice be ye children*.

AN.

82. Av joined with a verb, must sometimes be translated (certè) certainly, without doubt. Matt. xi. 23. If the mighty works which have been done in thee, had been done in Sodom, (EμLESvar av) it would certainly have remained, &c.—John iv. 10. If thou knewest who it is that saith to thee, Give me to drink, (ov as avlev,) thou certainly wouldest have asked him, &c.

АПО.

av nin

83. A signifies of, or belonging to. Acts xvii. 13. But when the Jews (ano) of Thessalonica had knowledge that the word of God was preached of Paul in Berea, they came thither also*.

84. Ano, For, by reason of, because. Matt. xviii. 7. Wo to the world (ano) because of offences*.-Luke xix. 3. Could not (ano ox) for the press, because he was little of stature*.—Luke xxi. 26. Men's hearts failing them (año) for fear*: by reason of fear.

85. Axo, After, in the sense of following an example. 2 Tim. i. 3. Whom, (ano apoyovav) after my forefathers, I serve.

86. Año, In. 2 Cor. i. 14. Also ye have (año pepovą) in part acknowledged us".

APA.

87. Apa, properly is a particle of affirmation, and must be translated truly, certainly, indeed. Matt. xii. 28. Apa, Certainly the kingdom of God is come unto you.-Matt. xxiv. 45. Tis apar 851, Who truly is a wise and faithful servant ?—Luke xi. 48. Apa, Truly ye bear witness*.—Acts viii. 22. El apa, If indeed, the thought of thy heart may be forgiven thee.-Rom. x. 17. Apoe sis, So then, or certainly, faith cometh by hearing*. 88. Apa is often used interrogatively. Matt. xviii. 1. Saying, (Tis apa) Who now is the greatest in the kingdom of heaven ?-Mark iv. 41. Tis apa los, What manner of man is this* ?-Rom. vii. 25. Apa v avlog, Do I myself then as a slave serve sin?

89. Apa is also used illatively, and must be translated therefore, then. Matt. xix. 25. Saying, (Tis apa) Who then can be saved ?-Ver. 27. Ti apa, What therefore shall we have ?Heb. iv. 9. Apa aula, There remaineth therefore a rest to the people of God *.-Heb. xii. 8. Apa, Then ye are bastards*. Rom. viii. 1. Ouder apa vuv, There is therefore now no condemnation*.

ГАР.

90. Tap is used by the writers of the New Testament in a great variety of senses. Most frequently it hath a causal signification, and must be translated for. Yet it does not, in all cases, introduce a reason for what immediately goes before, but for something more remote in the discourse.

91. Tap is used to introduce an additional reason; that is, a reason in proof of some proposition, for which a reason has already been given. In such cases, the proper translation of yap is besides, farther, moreover. This use of yap occurs so frequently in scripture, that, to produce examples would be superfluous. The reader, however, if he please, may examine Rom. i. 18. iv. 15. v. 6, 7.

92. Tag is sometimes used to introduce a reason for something not expressed by the writer, but which being strongly impressed on his own mind, he supposes the reason offered will make it suf

ficiently known. Thus Pilate, speaking to the Jews, Mark xv. 14. Why should I crucify him? T: yaş xanov Tomsey, For what evil hath he done ?-In like manner the town-clerk says to the Ephesians, Acts xix. 35. Ye men of Ephesus, I am astonished at your behaviour, (ris yag liv audę wños) For what man is there, &c.

93. Fag is also used illatively, and must be translated wherefore, therefore. Rom. vi. 19. rag, Wherefore, as ye have presented your members servile instruments to uncleanness, and to iniquity, to work iniquity, so now present your members, &c.Rom. xv. 2. Tag, Wherefore, let every one of us please his neighbour.-1 Cor. xi. 26. Tag, Wherefore, as often as ye eat this bread.-1 Cor. xiv. 8. Kas yag, And therefore if the trumpet give an uncertain sound.-Philip. ii. 5. Toul• ras Opovsic.IN, Wherefore let this disposition be in you, which was also in Christ. -James ii. 26. Tag, Therefore, as the body without the spirit is dead, &c. This use of yag, Beza acknowledges in his notes on 1 Cor. xi. 26. Philip. ii. 5.

94. Tap is often a particle of affirmation, and must be translated indeed, certainly, truly. Luke xx. 36. 07 дада Neither indeed can they die any more.-John ix. 30. The man answered and said to them, (ev yag rölw) Herein truly is a wonderful thing, that ye know not whence he is, (xai) although he hath opened mine eyes. Acts xvi. 37. Ov yap, No truly: (ana Joves) but coming themselves, let them bring us out*.-1 Cor. ix. 10. Does he command this wholly for our sakes ?—(Ai nuas yap εypapn) For our sakes no doubt it was written*.-2 Cor. x. 8. And although indeed 1 should boast somewhat more, &c.--Gal. i. 13. Hxovtale yag, Ye have heard certainly of my behaviour, &c. -1 Thess. iv. 10. Kai yag, And indeed ye do it, &c*.-Isai. xiv. 15. the LXX. have inserted the particle yag, as the translation of a Hebrew word which signifies truly, indeed.. See Trommius' Concordance.

Εάν τε γας,

95. Tag is put sometimes for %, quod; and must be translated by the English particle that.-1 Cor. vii. 6. I speak this as an advice, not as an injunction, 7. (Few yap) that I wish all men were as I am.-1 Cor. xv. 51. Behold, I shew you a mystery, (yap) that we shall not all sleep.—2 Tim. ii. 11. True is the saying, (yup) that if we die with him, &c.

96. Teg, as Phavorinus tells us, (evli r8 de reilui) is put for de: consequently it has all the different meanings of de. Accordingly,

now.

97. Fap is used as a copulative; so must be translated, and, Acts viii. 39. And the eunuch saw him no more, (εTopεvel• yap) and he went on his way rejoicing*--Rom. v. 19. 'Nowıp yap, And as through the disobedience of one man.-Rom. xii. 3. Asfw yup, Now by the grace that is given to me, I command.Rom. xv. 4. Ora yap, Now, whatever things were before written, were written for our instruction, &c.—2 Tim. ii. 7. Consider what I say, (yap) and the Lord give thee understanding*.

98. Tap has the adversative sense of de, and must be translated but, yet, although. Mark vii. 28. True, Lord; (xaı yaş) but even the dogs under the table eat of the children's crumbs.-Luke xxii. 2. The chief priests and scribes sought how they might kill him, (ap) but they feared the people.-Rom. x. 3. Have not submitted to the righteousness of God. 4. (Τέλος γαρ νομο Χριστος,) Although Christ is the end of the law for righteousness, &c.— Rom. xv. 2. 'Exasos yap jwv, But let every one of us please his neighbour. Rom. xv. 18. Ov yap roduzow, Yet I will not dare to speak any thing of what Christ hath not wrought, &c.—1 Cor. X. 29. Iva si yap, But why is my liberty judged.—2 Cor. v. 2. Kai yap, But yet in this tent we groan.-2 Cor. xii. 1. Well, it does not become me to boast, (yap) yet I will come to visions, &c.-Ver. 19. All things, beloved, are done for your edification. 20. (68μar gap,) Yet I am afraid.—Heb. xii. 20. Fæp, Although they could not bear that which was strictly commanded.— 1 Pet. iv. 15. Mn yap ris iμewv, But let none of you suffer as a

murderer*.

99. Tap is used like de, as a particle of transition, and must be translated now. Luke xii. 58. 's yap, Now when thou goest with thine adversary, &c.

Tap is seldom, if ever, used as an expletive.

ΔΕ.

100. A is properly an adversative particle, signifying but, however, nevertheless, notwithstanding, although. 1 Cor. vii. 2. Aε, Nevertheless to avoid fornication*.-1 Cor. xiv. 2. ПIVEUμa? de, Howbeit in the spirit he speaketh mysteries*.—2 Cor. xiii. 7. As, Though we be as reprobates*.-Gal. ii. 20. AE, Nevertheless I live*.-2 Tim. iv. 17. Ae, Nothwithstanding the Lord stood. by me*.-1 Pet. i. 7. More precious than of gold which perisheth, (de) though it be tried with fire*.-2 Pet. iii. 13. At, Nevertheless we, according to his promise, look for new heavens*.