ally and collectively, for the welfare of him who has conferred them; sincerely hoping that he may long live, surrounded by his friends, to enjoy that still more solid reward which never fails to crown virtuous and well meant endeavours-the approbation of God and his conscience."

In 1820, Mr Eddowes gave notice of his intention to discontinue his public services in a few months. His increasing age and infirmities led him to take a step, which excited "the unfeigned regret of the society." "Much," they say, " as we lament the loss which we shall sustain, the reasons assigned by Mr Eddowes for discontinuing his labors among us, particularly as regards the state of his health, render it our duty to acquiesce in the event." "We entertain," they add, "a high sense of the very able manner in which Mr Eddowes has conducted the public services, and the truly christian example by which he has practically illustrated the great duties of our holy religion, and we feel the weight of a large debt of gratitude for his disinterested and gratuitous ministrations among us during a period of nearly thirteen years." With these sentiments they offer him "their most respectful and sincere thanks, accompanied by their warmest wishes for his present welfare and future happiness."

From the time that Mr Eddowes retired, Mr Taylor conducted the public services until 1823. To estimate the labors of these two gentlemen, it is to be recollected that they had almost wholly ceased to read printed sermons. Devoting themselves to original compositions for the pulpit, they felt the importance of theological knowledge, and a great portion of their time was given to study, the fruits of which were manifest to the society.

In 1823, Mr Taylor followed the example of Messrs Vaughan and Eddowes, offering however to perform any of the ministerial duties that might be requisite, the ordinary services of the Lord's day excepted. This offer was thankfully accepted by the society, while they could not suffer him "to resign the situation of officiating minister, which he had so long and so ably filled, without tendering him their grateful acknowledgments for the benefits thus conferred." With sentiments of gratitude, they mingle ardent wishes for his future welfare. Their resolutions upon the occasion of his resignation breathe the respect, which the high character of this gentleman for

christian probity and untiring zeal in the cause of truth, is fitted to inspire.

In January 1825, W. H. Furness was ordained to the pastoral care of the "First Congregational Society of Unitarian Christians in Philadelphia," the title under which the charter of incorporation runs.

'Towards the close of 1827, the society, being in a flourishing condition, resolved upon the erection of a new church, the old one not affording sufficient accommodations. In accordance with this resolution the necessary arrangements were made, and the corner stone of the new building was laid on the 25th of March last.

It is worthy of mention, that it is a custom, universal, we believe, in Philadelphia, when a church is to be erected, to appeal to the generosity of the community at large, without respect to religious names. And it is but justice to add that the community is never backward in meeting such appeals, however obnoxious the peculiarities of the denomination soliciting aid, may be. In the present instance, advantage has not been taken of this custom, not from any doubt of success, but because it has been remembered that, in close connexion with the injunction, "Bear ye one another's burdens"-stands another, Let every man bear his own burden."

Of the fourteen persons who first formed the Unitarian society in Philadelphia, only three remain among its members; seven are dead, three have removed, and one has withdrawn.

"We cannot close this article, without adverting very briefly to the prospects of Liberal opinions in the large and prosperous city in which the society that has now been the subject of notice, is established. Upon this point we will make only one remark. You can scarcely hear a sermon in the principal churches of Philadelphia, that does not contain some reference or allusion to Rational Christianity. One would think, from the frequency and severity with which Unitarianism is attacked, that it is as rank here as it is in Boston. Is it possible, you would ask, that one small society can attract so much notice. You would greatly err in supposing this to be the case. The probable truth is, that there is hardly a congregation in the city in which this heresy is not beginning to germinate.'

'William Turner.-We have thought proper to mention, in connexion with

the above, a singular instance of integrity exhibited by the person whose name stan-ls prefixed, and who was long a devoted member of the Unitarian society in Philadelphia. The whole character of this individual bore the genuine marks of christian excellence. His last illness and his death, which occurred last summer, made a sensible impression upon those who witnessed them, and who were strangers to his religious views. But the circumstances respecting him, which we wish particularly to record, are the following. He left England in embarrassed circumstances. By great industry and economy, he was not only able to support himself comfortably here, but also to satisfy all the demands against him in his native country. His English creditors, in consideration of his uprightness, sent him over a silver cup. His daughter, his only near relative, informed a respected member of the Unitarian society that she never heard of the existence of this testimonial of her father's integrity from himself, and never saw it until after his death, when it was found concealed among things of little value! Who, in such a case, would not have indulged himself with the gratification of a daughter's congratulations?'

Suppression of Intemperance.-The following letter, which is given in the fourth number of the Unitarian, published at New York, is one of the most valuable documents that has appeared upon the subject. It is in the form of a letter,' says the conductor of that work, from the superintendent of the Rhode Island coal mines, to the president of the Company, P. J. Schuyler, Esq. giving a detailed account of his entire success, in his attempts to abolish the use of ardent spirits among the colliers. It is one of the strongest cases we have known, and Mr Clowes is entitled to the thanks of every Christian, and of every lover of his country and of man, for his persevering zeal. It shows what an immense moral power is lodged in the hands of every man, who has under his superintendence a body of the laboring and manufacturing classes, and how accessible they generally are to reason, if they are approached in a spirit of kindness, and their own real and permanent good is seen to be the only motive in depriving them of what they have been accustomed to regard, either as a necessary stimulant, or the only attainable luxury of the poor man.'

'Portsmouth, March 3d, 1828.

To PHILIP J. SCHUYLER, ESQ. 'Dear Sir,-Agreeably to your request, I send you a few particulars, detailing a very few among the many results, arising from discontinuing the use of spirituous liquors among the workmen. It perhaps would not be interesting to you, nor is it convenient for ine, to give you a very minute account of what I have experienced in this way. If I understand you correctly, you wish to know what has been the effect produced here, by excluding grog from the works, and also from the workmen's houses-and also, to inform you as to the manner in which this was brought about, and apparently to the satisfaction of all parties. Previously to entering into the details of what has been done here, permit me to inform you, that this work of reforming workmen, from dram-drinking and habitual drunkenness, is not new to me. I have been about eighteen years actively engaged in breaking up old customs, stemming the common prejudices and habits of workmen, and when speaking of the work collectively, I have six different times proved victorious; and by the blessing of Him who aids his own cause, have triumphed over many an old and stubborn profligate, as individual cases. I have in my family journal many memorandums of time, place, and name, of such particular instances.

I

From the beginning of the year 1810 to this day, I have been the open and undisguised enemy to giving workmen liquor under any circumstances; and the more I am concerned with workmen, the firmer I am established in my opinion. At the first colliery I was appointed superintendent, there were about eighty men and boys employed. The owners, Messrs Morris and Kinnersly, were each of my opinion, and supported me in all my plans. In about two years, we had but few men or boys who would either drink, or permit drink to be taken at their pits or houses. Adjoining our works, was the largest colliery in that section of the country, called Kideren Colliery, be longing to the Gilbert family, and carried on by John Gilbert, Esq. who, unhappily for his workmen, believed and encouraged the idea, that the more extravagant and ignorant a workman was, he was the better servant, and always a dependant on his employers. In 1812 he (Mr. Gilbert) died. Morris and Kinnersly dissolved partnership; and Mr. Kinnersly purchased the Kideren Colliery, and

combined the two works into one concern, and appointed me to the chief superintendency. At this Kideren work, we found upwards of three hundred men and boys, in the most miserable and unhappy condition, and all the effects of dram-drinking and habitual drunkenness. St. Paul's language, Romans, chap. iii, from tenth to nineteenth verse, describes their situation much better than I can. Their Sundays and other time not employed at the colliery, were devoted to cock-fighting, bull-baiting, gambling in all its forms suited to their station, and to every vice attached to a life of dissipation. What I saw achieved at this colliery in the way of reformation, in the short space of three years, has so confirmed me in my principles, that I have never once since doubted of effecting a change, nor have I ever failed; and since that time, I have triumphed over four other works, but little better than Kideren; and if I am spared a little longer at these mines, I confidently expect the same satisfactory results. In 1813-14, the first year we had the Kideren works, our accidents and killed were much less than previous years; and ours averaged, killed 3-serious accidents 27 per month, for the first twelve months. In the year 1816, we had but one killed, and seventy-two accidents in twelve months. In the year 1816, on the very ground once used for cock-fights, &c. we had erected a large brick chapel, built with the donations from these same colliers. In 1815, we had three Sunday schools established, and the teachers, male and female, selected from the workmen and their daughters. And in the same year, we established a benevolent club, which was managed principally by the workmen. The original articles are now before me. In all this great work, the language, you shall, or, I insist, &c. was never once used; but every man had the credit of reforming at his own free will-there was no compulsion. And the same course I have pursued in every other instance where I have had the charge of mines; and have brought to pass a complete change, lasting in its effects, and this in different countries.

'At last the vicissitudes of fortune brought me to the Rhode-Island coal mines. When I first came here, it is not unknown to you and others, that the workman who could not, and did not drink his pint of whiskey per day, was not allowed to work, but sent adrift; besides

extra liquor brought upon the works, and sent to their houses, and that too by the person whose duty it was to have prevented it. Not a week passed without a general combat of from twenty to thirty at a time, engaged with staves, spades, picks, axes, and any other weapon next at hand, to the great danger of each others' lives, and to the ruin of the works. All this was the effect of the usual allowance of grog. In the latter part of 1826, you, together with the ex-committee, appointed me to the superintendency of these mines; and I ask you yourself to bear testimony to the improved state of the works and workmen. Early in 1827 I commenced a general revolution, with a determination to do away with the worst of all evils, and the greatest curse ever inflicted on a workman, that of allowing him liquor while at work, and permitting him to have it in his house. I should have accomplished our wishes much sooner, had it not been for several unforeseen accidents in working among the old works filled with water. But keeping steady to the point, I had the satisfaction to see my plans gradually bearing down the long cherished habit, and a very perceptible improvement take place in every family. And on the first Monday in October last, every man came up to the counting-house, and with one voice, of their own free will, desired me to cease to give out any more grog.They had always considered liquor a part of their wages, and had relinquished it without asking an equivalent. In order, therefore, to repay this sacrifice on their part, and to encourage such good deeds, I did at that time what policy pointed out to be my duty; and accordingly, I there and then informed them, I had the Company's authority, to add to their wages more than an equivalent for what they had given up, by advancing their wages from eighty-eight and a half, to ninety-two cents per day. Those families, who twelve months ago were clothed in rags, and with not a week's provision beforehand, in December last, were, both man, woman, and child, well clothed, and three months' provision beforehand; besides cash in hand, none having less than twenty, and some near one hundred dollars; not one on the sick list, but every soul in excellent health. Twelve months ago, our young single men had but one poor ragged suit of clothes each, and were generally in debt. Last December they had each two, and one of them three

suits of good clothes, and from fifty to one hundred dollars in cash each. During the winter, two have taken to themselves wives; and it gives me great pleasure to say, I believe they will be happy and do well. Two of our young men you have had with you during the winter in the coal yard, and you can judge of their conduct, as respects liquor and behaviour. When liquor was allowed at the works, it was no unusual occurrence for the mother and children to be unmercifully beaten, and turned out of doors at night. And for several months my house door was left unlocked at nights, to afford them a place of refuge. Since October last, not one single occurrence of this nature has taken place. Every family belonging to our works, not only looks well, clean, and cheerful, but several of the wives of the workmen have lately told me, that they never lived so happily as they have done since the grog was excluded from the works. All is not yet done that ought to be, in the way of reformation, but the principal point has been gained, and I have no doubt of shortly having a well organized work, and that all will work together for good. How this has been brought about, and so done that the workmen have the credit of every change effected, is what you wish to know. It would be difficult for me to make known in writing the way in which all this has been done, and yet the men content, if I was writing to any other person except yourself, who have had to do with workmen for many years. My first and main point was, to be a living example of all I wished them to be. For this purpose, I not only excluded spirits, but wine from my house. The next great thing was to keep them at home in the evenings, and so occupy their leisure time agreeably and profitably. For this purpose I engaged a schoolmaster during the winter evenings, to teach them to read, write, &c.; and sent all to school, young and old, man, boy, and girl; made the school room comfortable with fire, and gave to all, paper, pens, &c. Early in the spring I allotted to each house an unlimited garden, which occupied their leisure time during the summer, and in this way employed them fally, leaving no time for carousing. In the month of May, I prevailed on those with large families, to buy a cow and pig each, and to plant extra quantities of potatoes. To those who had not money I lent it, and entered into an agreement

with them all, that if any of them should leave the works by my wish, (that is, if I discharged them) I would take all in their gardens, their cows, &c. at a valuation; but if they left the works by their own act and deed, then they must seek a market elsewhere. Thus, by a little at a time, each man became interested in the welfare of the mines, and gave me great influence over them. During fishing time, I sent a boy each Friday to catch fish for every house. I also doctored them and their families free of cost, and made it my chief study to anticipate all the little wants in an increasing family. By acting thus, and doing an hundred other little unmentionable things, I gained their esteem, which was of the utmost consequence in bringing about my plans. During all this time, I never lost an opportunity of expressing my own, and the Company's wish,that they would cease taking grog; and took care to set the thing in a pleasing manner before them, as to the credit they would gain by giving it up; and explained the great difference between having it stopped, and their desiring it might not be given out. They frequently-that is some of them-told me to stop it. This I refused to do, till they all united and ordered it stopped; giving as the reason, that by my stopping it without all consented, it would be doing them an injustice, as well as the Company: first, I should injure them in depriving them of the credit of having ordered it stopped themselves; and second, by making it appear that the Company was arbitrary; I told them that whatever was done, must be by mutual consent-no compulsion. In addition to this, I took advantage of every case of sickness, accident, or when alone with any one of the leading men, to expatiate on the awful effects of dram-drinking, showing it to be a devil to the soul, a thief to the pocket, a wife's woe, and children's sorrow, &c.; and on the other hand, pointing out the good to be enjoyed by wholly relinquishing the habit, the benefit to both soul and body, the happiness and comfort in their families, their better appearance in society, and the effects on their characters, &c.; and when on these topics, I did not spare in colouring; and at all times endeavoured to suit the conversation to the occasion, yet doing all in a persuasive manner, heaping coals of fire on their heads, not to burn them, but melt them down. My paper reminds me that I must stop, al

'P. S. I must not allow this to go without telling you another thing I did to induce the men to give up the grog, and which operated very powerfully. That was, I preferred the man who drank the least, to every favorable situation, and made him my confidant, proclaiming it through the whole, that I had no confidence in a dram-drinker. And when I engaged Mr. Young, who is a water drinker, and by far the best and ablest workman, I immediately made him second in command, and gave him power to discharge. This took just as I calculated, and produced what I have mentioned the first week in October last. I could state a hundred things more, but have neither time nor room; only what I say about myself, having no liquor or any wine in my house, I beg particularly to call your attention to, as to the effect of my example, &c.'

Unitarian Mission at Calcutta.-Mr Adam, as we stated some time since, has relinquished his secular employments at Calcutta, and is now a Unitarian Missionary. We have before us his correspondence with the English and American Unitarians, which preceded, and must have done much to promote his appointment. No one can read it without a feeling of strong personal interest in the writer, and a no less strong conviction of his fitness for his arduous and responsible station. We regret that we cannot publish the whole series of letters, and that we must at present content ourselves with a single extract. It is from a letter to the Rev. Mr Fox of London, and is as follows:

But the English Unitarians, you say, want the encouragement of facts. To this I answer, that they have the encouragement of facts.

1. There exists in Calcutta a Committee of gentlemen, European and Native, formed for the express purpose of promoting genuine Christianity. There are three other dissenting bodies in Calcutta, two Baptist and one Independent; and notwithstanding the much greater number of years since they commenced

their labors, they do not all together possess so many respectable, wealthy, liberal, and intelligent members as the Unitarian Committee alone contains; and not one of them has a rich or learned Native among them, while the Unitarian Committee has at least three such Natives, besides several others on whose cooperation we may depend.

2. In connexion with this Committee, a subscription has been opened for the formation of a Permanent Fund, from the interest of which a minister or missionary may be supported, and his family provided for, in constant succession, and to this fund they have subscribed 25,000, and are willing to pledge themselves for 30,000, if the remaining moiety to make up 60,000 rupees can be obtained from any other quarter. Contrast this with

what the friends and converts of the other missionaries have done for their teachers. Of all the missionaries, there is only one who derives part of his support from the gratuitous contributions of his hearers. The remainder is made up by pew rents. The whole sum is a small pittance, scarcely sufficient for a bare subsistence, and before he would accept of this mode of support, he obtained the sanction of his Society, in order that he might return upon their funds in the event of a deficiency. With this single exception, there is not a missionary in Bengal, who derives any portion of his support from those to whom he ministers, and I have therefore the greater pleasure in pointing your attention to the fact, that the Unitarians here, in the very infancy of their cause, have conceived and half executed the noble project above detailed, for the support of their minister.

3. A subscription has been opened for the erection of a Unitarian Chapel; the subscriptions amount to 12,000 rupees. The ground has been purchased, and when we can show the public, by commencing the building, that we are in earnest, I have no doubt that the subscriptions may be increased by several thousands.

4. There is a Charity School entirely supported by Rammohun Roy, at an expense of 300 rupees per month, in addition to all his other contributions to the Permanent Fund, Chapel Fund, &c. &c. and in which 80 Hindoo youths are taught the elements of knowledge, and would learn, without prejudice, whatever a Unitarian missionary could or would teach.