The white light required to be shown by this Article may be fixed and carried in a lantern, but in such case the lantern shall be so constructed, fitted, and screened that it shall throw an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 12 points of the compass, viz, for 6 points from right aft on each side of the vessel, so as to be visible at a distance of at least 1 mile. Such light shall be carried as nearly as practicable on the same level as the side lights.

ART. 11. A vessel under 150 feet in length, when at anchor, shall carry forward, where it can best be seen, but at a height not exceeding 20 feet above the hull, a white light in a lantern so constructed as to show a clear, uniform, and unbroken light visible all round the horizon at a distance of at least 1 mile.

A vessel of 150 feet or upwards in length, when at anchor, shall carry in the forward part of the vessel, at a height of not less than 20 and not exceeding 40 feet above the hull, one such light, and at or near the stern of the vessel, and at such a height that it shall be not less than 15 feet lower than the forward light, another such light.

The length of a vessel shall be deemed to be the length appearing in her certificate of registry.

A vessel aground in or near a fair-way shall carry the above light or lights and the two red lights prescribed by Article 4 (a).

ART. 12. Every vessel may, if necessary in order to attract attention, in addition to the lights which she is by these Rules required to carry, show a flare-up light or use any detonating signal that can not be mistaken for a distress signal.

ART. 13. Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rules made by the Government of any nation, with respect to additional station and signal lights for two or more ships of war or for vessels sailing under convoy, or with the exhibition of recognition signals adopted by ship-owners, which have been authorized by their respective Governments and duly registered and published.

ART. 14. A steam-vessel proceeding under sail only, but having her funnel up, shall carry in day-time, forward, where it can best be seen, one black ball or shape 2 feet in diameter.

SOUND-SIGNALS FOR FOG, ETC.

ART. 15. All signals prescribed by this Article for vessels under way shall be given:

1. By "steam-vessels" on the whistle or siren.

2. By "sailing vessels and vessels towed" on the fog-horn.

The words "prolonged blast" used in this Article, shall mean a blast of from four to six seconds duration.

A steam-vessel shall be provided with an efficient whistle or siren, sounded by steam or some substitute for steam, so placed that the sound may not be intercepted by any obstruction, and with an efficient foghorn, to be sounded by mechanical means, and also with an efficient

bell. A sailing vessel of 20 tons gross tonnage or upwards shall be provided with a similar fog-horn and bell.

In fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, whether by day or night, the signals described in this Article shall be used as follows, viz:

(a) A steam-vessel having way upon her shall sound, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, a prolonged blast.

(b) A steam-vessel under way, but stopped and having no way upon her, shall sound, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, 2 prolonged blasts, with an interval of about 1 second between them.

(c) A sailing vessel under way shall sound, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, when on the starboard tack 1 blast, when on the port tack 2 blasts in succession, and when with the wind abaft the beam 3 blasts in succession.

(d) A vessel, when at anchor, shall, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, ring the bell rapidly for about 5 seconds.

(e) A vessel, at anchor at sea, when not in ordinary anchorage ground and when in such a position as to be an obstruction to vessels under way, shall sound, if a steam-vessel, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, 2 prolonged blasts with her whistle or siren, followed by ringing her bell; or, if a sailing vessel, at intervals of not more than 1 minute, 2 blasts with her fog-horn, followed by ringing her bell.

(f) A vessel, when towing, shall, instead of the signals prescribed in subdivisions (a) and (c) of this article, at intervals of not more than 2 minutes, sound 3 blasts in succession, viz: 1 prolonged blast followed by 2 short blasts. A vessel towed may give this signal, and she shall not give any other.

(g) A steam-vessel wishing to indicate to another "the way is off my vessel, you may feel your way past me," may sound 3 blasts in succession, viz: short, long, short, with intervals of about 1 second between them.

(h) A vessel employed in laying or in picking up a telegraph cable shall, on hearing the fog-signal of an approaching vessel, sound in answer 3 prolonged blasts in succession.

(i) A vessel under way, which is unable to get out of the way of an approaching vessel through being not under command or unable to manœuvre as required by these Rules, shall, on hearing the fog-signal of an approaching vessel, sound in answer 4 short blasts in sucession.

Sailing-vessels and boats of less than 20 tons gross tonnage shall not be obliged to give the above mentioned signals, but if they do not they shall make some other efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 1 minute.

NOTE. In all cases where the rules require a bell to be used a drum may be substituted on board Turkish vessels, or a gong where such articles are used on board small sea-going vessels.

SPEED OF SHIPS TO BE MODERATE IN FOG, ETC.

ART. 16. Every vessel shall, in a fog, mist, falling snow, or heavy rain-storms, go at a moderate speed, having careful regard to the exist ing circumstances and conditions.

A steam-vessel hearing, apparently forward of her beam, the fog signal of a vessel the position of which is not ascertained, shall, so far as the circumstances of the case admit, stop her engines, and then navigate with caution until danger of collision is over.

STEERING AND SAILING RULES.

PRELIMINARY-RISK OF COLLISION.

Risk of collision can, when circumstances permit, be ascertained by carefully watching the compass bearing of an approaching vessel. If the bearing does not appreciably change, such risk should be deemed to exist.

> ART. 17. When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the other as follows, viz.:

(a) A vessel which is running free shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close-hauled.

(b) A vessel which is close-hauled on the port tack shall keep out of the way of a vessel which is close-hauled on the starboard tack.

(c) When both are running free, with the wind on different sides, the vessel which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the other.

(d) When both are running free, with the wind on the same side, the vessel which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to leeward.

(e) A vessel which has the wind aft shall keep out of the way of the other vessel.

ART. 18. When two steam-vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard, so that each may pass on the port side of the other.

This Article only applies to cases where vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision, and does not apply to two vessels which must, if both keep on their respective courses, pass clear of each other.

The only cases to which it does apply are, when each of the two vessels is end on, or nearly end on, to the other; in other words, to cases in which, by day, each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line, or nearly in a line, with her own; and by night, to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the side lights of the other.

It does not apply, by day, to cases in which a vessel sees another ahead crossing her own course; or by night, to cases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other, or where the

green light of one vessel is opposed to the green light of the other, or where a red light without a green light, or a green light without a red light, is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead.

ART. 19. When two steam-vessels are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of the other.

ART. 20. When a steam vessel and a sailing-vessel are proceeding in such directions as to involve risk of collision, the steam-vessel shall keep out of the way of the sailing-vessel.

ART. 21. Where by any of these Rules one of two vessels is to keep out of the way, the other shall keep her course and speed.

ART. 22. Every vessel which is directed by these rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other.

ART. 23. Every steam vessel which is directed by these Rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, on approaching her, if necessary slacken her speed, or stop, or reverse.

ART. 24. Notwithstanding anything contained in these Rules, every vessel overtaking any other, shall keep out of the way of the overtaken vessel.

Every vessel coming up with another vessel from any direction more than two points abaft her beam, i. e., in such a position, with reference to the vessel which she is overtaking, that at night she would be unable to see either of that vessel's side lights, shall be deemed to be an overtaking vessel; and no subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels shall make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the meaning of these Rules, or relieve her of the duty of keeping clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.

As by day the overtaking vessel can not always know with certainty whether she is forward of or abaft this direction from the other vessel, she should, if in doubt, assume that she is an overtaking vessel and keep out of the way.

ART. 25. In narrow channels every steam-vessel shall, when it is safe and practicable, keep to that side of the fair-way or mid-channel which lies on the starboard side of such vessel.

ART. 26. Sailing-vessels under way shall keep out of the way of sailing-vessels or boats fishing with nets, or lines, or trawls. This Rule shall not give to any vessel or boat engaged in fishing the right of obstructing a fair-way used by vessels other than fishing vessels or boats.

ART. 27. In obeying and construing these Rules, due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision, and to any special circumstances which may render a departure from the above Rules necessary in order to avoid immediate danger,

SOUND SIGNALS FOR VESSELS IN SIGHT OF ONE ANOTHER.

ART. 28. The words "short blast” used in this article shall mean a blast of about one seconds' duration.

When vessels are in sight of one another, a steam-vessel under way, in taking any course authorized or required by these Rules, shall indi cate that course by the following signals on her whistle or siren, viz: One short blast to mean, "I am directing my course to starboard." Two short blasts to mean, "I am directing my course to port." Three short blasts to mean, "My engines are going full speed astern."

NO VESSEL, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, TO NEGLECT proper PRECAUTIONS.

ART. 29. Nothing in these Rules shall exonorate any vessel, or the owner, or master, or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to carry lights or signals, or of any neglect to keep a proper lookout, or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case.

RESERVATION OF RULES FOR HARBORS AND INLAND NAVIGATION.

ART. 30. Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of a special rule, duly made by local authority, relative to the navigation of any harbor, river, or inland waters.

DISTRESS SIGNALS.

ART. 31. When a vessel is in distress, and requires assistance from other vessels or from the shore, the following shall be the signals to be used or displayed by her, either together or separately, viz :

In the day-time-(1) A gun fired at intervals of about a minute; (2) The International Code signal of distress indicated by NC; (3) The distant signal, consisting of a square flag, having either above or be low it a ball or anything resembling a ball; (4) Rockets or shells, as prescribed below, for use at night; (5) A continuous sounding with any fog-signal aparatus.

At night (1) A gun fired at intervals of about a minute; (2) Flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar-barrel, oil-barrel, etc.); (3) Rockets or shells, bursting in the air with a loud report and throwing stars of any color or description, fired one at a time at short intervals; (4) A continuous sounding with any fog-signal apparatus.

The following Resolutions have been approved of by the Conference, and are recommended to the attention of the Powers represented thereat in an Appendix to Rules of the Road:

1. The power of all lights should be expressed by referring them all to one standard, by which the light issuing from the lantern should be measured.

2. The minimum power only of each light should be definitely fixed, leaving it to the judgment of the parties responsible for fitting out the vessels with proper lanterns to employ lamps of this or greater power. 3. The use of incandescent lamps should be permitted; the use of arc