months from the conclusion of peace the acquired territory should be divided on the following bases:Serbia recognised the Bulgarian claim to all the region east of Rhodope and the Struma.

Bulgaria recognised the Serbian claim to all the region north and west of the Shar Mountains. As to the region lying between Shar, Rhodope, the Ægean, and Okhrida, if the formation of an autonomous province should prove impracticable, it was to be divided by a line running approximately south-west from Mount Golem (north of Kriva Palanka) to Lake Okhrida. Serbia claimed nothing beyond this line; and Bulgaria accepted this frontier, if pronounced for by the Emperor of Russia, whose arbitration as to their rights and interests was accepted by both parties.'

By this proposed division Struga, Skoplye, and Kumanovo were assigned to Serbia; Okhrida, Monastir, and Ishtip to Bulgaria. It is to be noted in this connection that Skoplye was the capital of the historic Serbian Empire, while Okhrida was for some time the Bulgarian capital and the seat of the Bulgarian Patriarchate. No agreement was made as to distribution of territory between Greece and Serbia or Greece and Bulgaria a fact which influenced both the conduct of the campaigns and all subsequent events. The opportunity awaited came in consequence of the war between Turkey and Italy in Libya and a serious revolt of the Albanians. The Balkan States sent an ultimatum to Turkey, demanding immediate and drastic reforms. The Great Powers warned them that "in case of war they would not admit, as its result, any modification of the territorial status quo

1 The "contested zone is by some writers restricted to the area between the Shar Mountains and the Golem-Okhrida line, though this is not in accordance with the wording of the treaty. The restriction of the contested zone to this area is emphasised in Gueshoff, The Balkan League (London, 1915). He gives a map, which marks the area in question as zone contestée."

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in European Turkey," and at the same time urged on the Porte the carrying-out of the promised reforms. Turkey returned a dilatory answer, attributing the delay to the disturbed state of the provinces. As a result, war was declared on the same day on which the Treaty of Lausanne put an official end to the ItaloTurkish War in October 1912.

First Balkan War (1912).-The progress of the campaign was influenced to a considerable extent by political considerations, each State occupying the regions which it hoped to acquire. The Bulgarians attacked in the direction of Thrace, masked the fortress of Adrianople, and advanced, after severe fighting, to the Chatalja lines. The Serbians occupied the Sanjak of Novibazar, thus getting into touch with Montenegro; captured Skoplye, the capital of Old Serbia, and Monastir; and then turned to Albania, seizing the ports of San Giovanni di Medua and Durazzo. Montenegro spent most of her efforts on the siege of Scutari. The Greeks advanced from the north of Thessaly, and then turned to Salonika, thus anticipating the Bulgarians in the possession of this coveted port. Their fleet meanwhile occupied all the Turkish islands in the Ægean and off the coast of Asia Minor, except the Southern Sporades, which had been retained by the Italians on the conclusion of the Libyan war. After an armistice in December 1912 and January 1913 hostilities were resumed, and the Bulgarians captured Adrianople with Serbian aid; the Greeks took Yanina: and Scutari surrendered to the Montenegrins. Meanwhile the assassination of King George of Greece in Salonika on March 18 deprived the Balkan allies of their most cautious and experienced statesman, and involved disaster both immediately and later.

Treaty of London; Second Balkan War. The intervention of the Great Powers led, in Mav, to the signature of the Treaty of London (App. XV), which was never ratified. By this treaty the Balkan allies obtained from Turkey Turkey Crete and all territory

to the west of the Enos-Midia line; but the question of the islands, except Crete, was reserved, and it was also decided to form an independent Albania, Montenegro being obliged to give up Scutari, and Serbia also losing her conquests in this region and the Adriatic ports. This led to serious difficulties in the distribution of the acquired territory among the allies. Serbia claimed that, to compensate for the loss of an outlet to the Adriatic, the line of demarcation agreed on in the secret annexe to the Serbo-Bulgarian Treaty should be revised, so as to allow her to retain the region she had actually occupied, and acquire a frontier conterminous with Greece, and access to the Ægean at Salonika. Bulgaria insisted on the secret annexe, and also complained that Greece claimed a much larger share of Macedonia than she was entitled to. An appeal to the Tsar's arbitration was rejected; and, Serbia and Greece having concluded an alliance, the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913. Hostilities were begun by Bulgaria with a simultaneous attack on the Serbs and the Greeks, but the results were disastrous to her in both cases; Turkey seized the occasion to recover Adrianople, and Rumania invaded Bulgaria, demanding a change of frontier in the Dobruja.

Treaty of Bucarest.-Resistance was useless; and by the Treaty of Bucarest Macedonia was partitioned, mainly in accordance with the actual occupation by each State. Montenegro and Serbia divided the Sanjak of Novibazar and became conterminous. Serbia acquired all Old Serbia and also Monastir and the Vardar Valley as far as Gevgeli, thus becoming conterminous with Greece and having an outlet to the Egean by the railway to Salonika, where she was allowed an extra-territorial enclave by Greece. Greece acquired all the rest of Southern and Western Macedonia, including Salonika and Kavalla. Bulgaria had to content herself with the region north of the Belashitsa Mountains and east of the Mesta River. She had also to cede a considerable portion of the Dobruja to Rumania. Greece, in addition, retained Crete and

the islands, hitherto belonging to Turkey, which she had occupied. A separate treaty was made between Bulgaria and Turkey, revising the frontiers of the Treaty of London; by this Adrianople was restored to Turkey, and the lower Maritsa River formed the boundary near the sea, Turkey retaining rights over the railway in this region (App. XVI, XVII).

Albania. In accordance with the Treaty of London, Albania was constituted an autonomous principality. and its frontiers were delimited by an International Commission so as to include Scutari on the north, and Valona, Argyrokastro, and Koritsa on the south. Prince William of Wied was appointed as its Mpret, and arrived at Durazzo in March 1914.

Results of Balkan Wars; Defects of Arrangement.— The territorial acquisitions resulting from the war are represented in the following table:

The whole arrangement was a compromise, which satisfied none of the parties concerned, and left many stumbling-blocks in the way of any satisfactory settlement. The Greeks, though the greatest gainers on the whole, were cut off from North Epeiros, and started a vigorous propaganda and an autonomous Provisional Government in that region; their claims were partially recognised by the Convention of Corfu in May 1914. They also resented bitterly the Italian occupation of

the Southern Sporades (Rhodes, Kos, and the Dodekanese), which, though nominally only provisional, prevented the annexation of these almost entirely Greek islands to the Greek Kingdom.

Bulgaria, though her rulers were immediately responsible for the Second Balkan War, naturally resented its result; for she obtained the smallest share of the conquered territory, while her expenditure in men and money had been the largest, and she had borne the brunt of the fighting against Turkey. Consequently, she watched for an opportunity of enforcing her claims in Macedonia, and of retaliating on her former allies, Serbia and Greece. When, in 1915, she joined the alliance of the Central Powers, she recovered, by an arrangement with Turkey, a district west and south of Adrianople, with the line of the Maritsa and the railway along its western bank; but Turkey remained dissatisfied. Bulgaria also looked to regain all, and more than all, she had to cede to Rumania in the Dobruja.

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