t

which shall be promulgated in accordance with the dispositions of the Cher'i, and with the real and legitimate wants of the country and nation, and to control the balance of the receipts and expenditure of the Empire.

The Council of Ministers is instructed to devote itself to a profound study of this important question, and to submit to me the result of its deliberations.

Public Offices

Another obstacle to the good execution of the laws and regulations is the facility with which public duties are often entrusted to incompetent hands, and, further, the fact that they, the employés, are the object of frequent changes without any sufficient or legitimate reason, which entails very serious inconveniences both for the State and the transaction of business.

Henceforth every public office and function shall constitute a special career. To employ in the affairs of the State capable and competent persons; to tolerate no dismissal or unjustified removal from office; to establish gradually the responsibility of all kinds of functionaries, each in his respective sphere, this is the invariable rule to be adopted.

Education

The material and moral progress that all the world agrees in recognizing among European nations has been brought about, thanks to the spread of science and education. Now, as by their intelligence and natural dispositions, my subjects of all classes have in all respects, I am happy to state, special capacities for progress, and as the spread of education constitutes, in my eyes, a question as vital as it is pressing, you will take counsel without delay as to the best means of securing this important result by raising the amount of the supplies for allowances in a sufficient proportion and within possible limits.

Administrative, Financial, and Judicial Reforms

Further, the administrative, financial, and judicial reforms of the provinces must be proceeded with immediately, so as to create for them a really normal position, and in conformity with the bases which shall be adopted for the central organization.

Pacification of Herzegovina, Bosnia, and Serbia

In addition to the troubles which broke out last year in Herzegovina and Bosnia, at the instigation of evilly-disposed persons, the rebellion of Serbia has come upon us. Considering that the blood shed on both sides is that of the children of one and the same country, we are deeply distressed by the continuance of this state of things. You will therefore have to take most effective measures to put an end to such a deplorable situation.

Europe

AUTHORITIES

CREASY, Sir E. S. History of the Ottoman Turks. London, 1878. DRIAULT, E. La question d'Orient. 7th ed. Paris, 1917. ELIOT, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G. Turkey in Europe. 2nd ed.

London, 1908.

HOGARTH, D. G. and others. The Balkans.

Oxford, 1915. MARRIOTT, J. A. R. The Eastern Question. Oxford, 1917. MILLER, W. The Balkans. London, 1889.

PEARS, H. E.

German Methods in Turkey (Quarterly Review,

No. 453, Oct. 1917).

POOLE, S. LANE. Turkey. London, 1888.

See also Authorities in The Eastern Question, No. 15, and in other works in this series dealing with the Balkan States.

MAPS

Turkey in Europe is comprised in sheet K. 35 (Istambul) of the International Map (G.S.G.S. No. 2758) published by the War Office, on the scale of 1 : 1,000,000. A revised edition of this map (G.S.G.S. No. 2555) has been issued, showing the boundary as determined by the treaties of Bucarest and Constantinople in 1913.

The War Office map on a scale of 1: 250,000 (G.S.G.S. 2097) covers European Turkey in the five sheets, Adrianople, Vize, Rodosto, Constantinople, and Gallipoli, and, though not uniformly based on thorough survey, is yet a reliable map.

Another War Office map (G.S.G.S. No. 3055) covers Constantinople and its environs on the scale of 1: 25,000.

For historical boundaries and ethnography see Table and Note on Maps in The Eastern Question, No. 15 of this series.