of the public debt of Greece. The success of the mining in that island, therefore, is of great importance to a number of French and British bondholders, who have a direct interest in preventing the recurrence of such events as the strike in 1913, which very seriously reduced the output. Syra is the depot for the export of emery.

Of other minerals Copper Ore is worked in Limogardi, Sulphur in Melos, Pozzolana in Santorin, and Lignite in several parts, the chief being Kymi in Euboea and Oropos in Attica. There are also unworked veins of lignite at Lamia, Tripolitza, Megara, on the south side of the Gulf of Corinth, in the country between Patras and Pyrgos, and in some of the islands. A superior lignite has been discovered near Trikkala and Kalabaka in Thessaly, but the deposit is of uncertain extent. Before the war there was no great demand for lignite in Greece, as it is not an industrial country, and is in too southerly a latitude to require a great consumption of domestic fuel. Such lignite as is used is generally mixed with British coal. During the war the demand has increased. There is said to be Anthracite near Salonika.

Salt, which is obtained especially at Volo, is a Government monopoly; there are large deposits of it, which belong to the Government, but it is insufficient for the needs of the country, which requires a great deal, especially for the preservation of olives. Petroleum is another Government monopoly; there are petroleum wells at Keri in Zante.

The mineral, however, for which Greece was most reputed in ancient times is Marble; it is likely to be in great demand again after the War. The quarries of Pentelikon in Attica are the source whence Athens was built. They are among the quarries worked by the Marmor Company, Ltd., founded in 1896, with a nominal

capital of £300,000; it also works the quarries of Skyros, the old quarries of Seigel and Kloebe in Tenos (where it was once thought that the original Rosso Antico had been discovered), the Seigel and Kloebe quarries in Laconia, and many others which are worked intermittently. Other marble quarries include the Styra quarries of coloured marble in Euboea, which are owned partly by the Marmor Company and partly by a British private owner, and the quarries of the original Verde Antico, found between Larissa and the vale of Tempe, which are worked by the Verde Antico Marble Company of London.

There are Mineral Baths at Kyllene, Hypate, Platystomos, Lipsos (Aidepsos), Methana, Kaiapha, Thermopylae, Loutraki, near Corinth, and in the island of Kythnos (hence called Thermia).

(5) MANUFACTURES

The absence of coal in Greece has prevented its development as an industrial country, and in relation to its area and population the manufactures are of no great significance. In Old Greece in 1918 it was computed that there are 1,591 industrial enterprises, employing 26,797 workmen. Of these 829 employ 2,481 men, while 500 enterprises employ from 6 to 25 men, forming a total of 6,475. There are 222 large undertakings, i. e. each employing more than 26 men, with a total of 17,841. These figures imply considerable progress. In New Greece there are 1,213 establishments, employing 36,124 men. It has 188 small enterprises, employing 3,579 men, 743 medium enterprises, employing 8,845, and 282 large ones, employing 23,700. It may be noted, therefore, that New Greece has fewer enterprises, but that they are on a larger scale than those of Old Greece. The small establish

ments are mainly concerned with food; the large ones with food, spinning, weaving, and chemicals.

The only manufacturing centres of any note are, on the mainland, the Piraeus, Athens, and Salonika, and on the islands, Corfu and Syra, and even in these the industries are very miscellaneous, and there is none outstanding. In 1915 the Piraeus contained 27 wine and liqueur distilleries, 15 steam flour-mills, 13 soap and sulphur oil factories, 12 engineering and iron works, 8 factories of macaroni, &c., 7 cotton-mills, 7 weavingmills, and 66 other industrial establishments, including shipbuilding yards of importance. In 1908 the industries of Athens were 25 printing works, 15 tanneries, 15 bookbinding establishments, 12 confectionery factories, 10 carriage-building works, 9 chemical factories, 8 lithographers' works, and 91 other industrial establishments. Salonika possesses among other industries cotton-mills, woollen-mills, breweries, a 'raki' distillery, tanneries, and manufactories of leather goods, steam flour-mills, soap factories, and iron foundries.

The only industries in most towns of Greece are distilling, flour-milling, tanning, and in some cases the manufacture of olive oil and soap. Besides these may be mentioned in Old Greece silk-spinning in Sparta, Patras, and Kalamata, hosiery and tapestry in Tripolitza, woollens in Zante and Volo, yarn in Volo and Syra, barrels in Patras, loukoumi and formerly gunpowder in Syra, pyrene oil, straw hats, and umbrellas in Corfu. In Macedonia the tobacco industry employs more hands than any other, but textiles are manufactured in Drama, Nyaousta, Serres, and Vodena. In Epeiros Yanina manufactures gold embroideries and silk.

Cotton is of some importance in the industrial life of Greece. The chief centre of the industry is the Levadeia district in Boeotia, where there are 15 ginning

mills (13 in Levadeia itself), which in 1913 dealt with over 3,500,000 okes of seed-cotton, whereas some 2,000,000 okes were sent to the Piraeus to be ginned there. The total number of cotton-mills in Greece was 17, having in operation 73,898 spindles and 1,160 looms; among other places there are mills in Trikkala, Larissa, and Stylis.

Throughout Greece home industries are of impor tance. There are numerous looms both in the old kingdom and in the new territories, where women make their own clothes, carpets, &c.

(6) POWER

Despite the intermittent character of many of the streams there is a considerable amount of water-power available in Greece, especially in Epeiros and Macedonia. In South Epeiros the great waterfall of the River Theamis would be admirable for the production of electricity; another arm of the same river already provides the motive-power for several mills and a blanket factory. In Macedonia the Struma is a swift river, and could be used for the generation of electricity.

After the War considerable development of waterpower is contemplated, especially in Macedonia, Thessaly, and Epeiros, where at present there is nothing more than small mills.

(C) COMMERCE

(1) DOMESTIC
(a) Fairs

The internal trade of Greece is mainly concentrated in the fairs connected with the principal church festivals, which last as a rule from 3 to 10 days.

(b) Organizations for promoting Commerce There are Greek Chambers of Commerce at Athens, Syra, Kalamata, Patras, Nauplia, and Volo. In Athens there is also a French Chamber of Commerce. Under Turkish rule there was a Chamber of Commerce at Salonika, but it was dissolved on the Greek occupation of the town. Since the beginning of the war in Macedonia there have been two new associations in Salonika: (1) the Bureau Commercial, founded by the French, and (2) the Direction Economique Militaire Serbe, the special object of which is to prevent any one Power from securing a dangerous monopoly of commercial power in Macedonia.

(c) Foreign Interests

A certain amount of foreign capital is invested in Greece, and several of the principal businesses are in the hands of foreigners. But there are influences which restrict free investment. The circumstances of the country, both political and financial, have not been such as to inspire confidence.

Considerable jealousy and distrust of foreigners is shown by the inhabitants; the Greeks are anxious to obtain foreign capital, but refuse supervision of its use by foreign lenders. Furthermore the delay which applicants, for mining concessions especially, have to experience is a considerable deterrent; the Government often keeps them in suspense for years; between 1898 and 1902 the Government had applications for about 1,000 concessions, and granted only 50.

Of the foreign businesses other than banks in the country the most important are the Marmor Company, Limited, a British company (established 1896, capital £300,000) which works most of the principal marble quarries; the Compagnie française des Mines de Laurium,