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1. Position of Adverbs.-As a general rule Adverbs stand immediately after the Verb, and in Compound Tenses between the auxiliary Verb and the Participles; as:

e me promène souvent avec mon maître, I often walk with my master. e me suis souvent promené avec lui, I have often walked with him.

Hier, avant-hier, aujourd'hui, demain, après-demain, tantôt, tard, longtemps, and the adverbial phrases (No. 6), stand after the Participle; as:

j'ai reçu cette lettre aujourd'hui, I received this letter to-day.

2. Use of the Negatives.—(1.) As a general rule, a double negative is used in French; ne must precede the Verb, and pas, or another of the words mentioned under No. 5, must follow the Verb; as:

je ne veux pas,

je ne veux plus,

I do not wish.

I do not wish (any) more.

je ne veux point de pain, I do not wish (any) bread.
je ne veux rien,

I wish nothing.

(2.) After these negatives the Substantives always have de before them, as:

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(3.) With the Infinitive Mood, both negatives stand before the Verb, as:

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(4.) When there is no Verb the negatives are used without ne, as:

pas à la fois, not once.
pas moi,

not I.

pas beaucoup, not much; pas trop, not too much.

pas tant, not so much; pas aujourd'hui, not to-day, etc.

(5.) ne... que signifies only.

je n'ai que deux sœurs,
il n'a qu'un morceau de pain,
elle n'a apporté qu'une assiette,
il n'est que six heures,

I have only two sisters.
he has only a piece of bread.
she has brought only one plate.
it is only six o'clock.

(6.) Only is expressed by seulement instead of ne... pas when no word follows, as:

Regardez seulement, look only.

je ne te voyais point, je t'en- }

tendais

I did not see you; I heard you only.

(7.) To make the negation stronger, ne... used instead of ne . . . pas; as:

le malade ne dort pas, le malade ne dort point,

point is

the sick (person) does not sleep.
the sick (person) does not sleep at all.

EXERCISE XXXVIII.

A.

1. Où est votre livre ? Le voici, Monsieur. 2. Où allez-vous? Je vais à l'église. 3. Le chien n'est pas ici, il est dehors. 4. VoyezVous cette maison là-bas ? C'est un moulin. 5. Si vous voulez aller au jardin, passez par-ici. 6. Votre sœur n'est pas ici; il faut la chercher ailleurs. 7. Elle est peut-être en haut. 8. Avez-vous cherché votre bague partout? Non, je n'ai cherché nulle part. 9. Combien de temps êtes-vous resté à Stuttgart? J'y suis resté deux mois. 10. Chantez-vous souvent? Pas souvent, mais quelquefois. 11. L'autre jour j'ai trouvé un nid d'oiseaux dans notre jardin. 12. Levez-vous de bonne heure. 13. Combien de fois vous êtes-vous baigné? Je me suis baigné trois fois.

1. Where is your hat? Here it is, sir. 2. Where did you go? I went to the church. 3. The dogs are not here; they are outside. 4. Do you see those houses below? They are mills. 5. If you wish to go into the garden, pass by that side. 6. Your brothers are not here; you must look for them elsewhere. 7. They are perhaps up stairs (en haut). 8. Has he looked for his watch every where? No, he has looked nowhere. 9. How long did she remain in London? She remained there five months. 10. She does not sing often, but sometimes. 11. Yesterday we found a bird's nest in the garden of our uncle. 12. He got up early; she got up earlier. 13. How many times has it thundered? It has thundered twice.

B.

1. Comment trouvez-vous ce vin? Je le trouve très-bon. 2. Combien coûte-t-il? Un franc la bouteille. Ce n'est pas trop. 3. Vous mangez trop peu. J'ai assez mangé. 4. L'enfant était presque 5. En voulez-vous davantage? Non, merci, j'en ai assez. 6. Il me faut à peu près vingt francs. 7. Avez-vous tout mangé ? Au contraire, je n'ai rien mangé. 8. Où est Charles? Il est peut

mort.

être au jardin. Il y était aussi ce matin. 9. Vous ne vous levez pas de bonne heure. 10. Levez-vous de meilleure heure. 11. Je l'ai rencontré par hasard. 12. Allez tout de suite chez votre tante, et apportez-lui le journal.

1. How do you find this beer? I find it very good. 2. How much does it cost? Half a franc a (say the) bottle. That is not too much. 3. Have you eaten enough? Thank you, I have eaten enough. 4. The idle boys have eaten too much. 5. We have caten nothing to-day. 6. Where are your brothers? They are perhaps in the garden. We were also there this morning. 7. We want very nearly eight francs.

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XXVI.—PREPOSITIONS (Prépositions).

I. SIMPLE PREPOSITIONS.

au, or à l' be-to, at, in.

foreles=aux),

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excepté,

hors, hormis,

except, but, save.

malgré,

moyennant,

}

devers,

toward, about.

voici,

here is.

durant,

during.

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vu,

à cause de, à côté de,

à l'instar de,

seeing, considering.

II. COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS.

on account of.
by, next to.

in the style of.

aux environs de, round about.
au lieu de,

instead of.

à l'exception de, except.

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66

to.

66

at, in.

of. from.

around, about. through.

above.

below, under. in the middle of. at the expense of.

par delà,
par-dessus,
près de,

proche de,

quant à,

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vis-à-vis de,

Examples.

je vais à Paris, j'écris à mon fils, je suis à Paris,. une table de bois, il vient de Londres,

opposite.

I go to Paris. I write to my son. I am at or in Paris. a table of wood. he comes from London.

with. {je suis content de votre I am content with your

travail,

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work.

covered with snow.
in the room.

they are in Scotland.
we are going into Scotland.
he is at my house, or he is
with me.

I am going to (the house
of) Mr. A.

I am coming from (the house of) my uncle.

} before sunset.

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