1. We often receive letters from (de) your son. 2. The girls often receive letters from their brothers. 3. Have you often received letters from your uncle? 4. How much money do they owe? They owe five hundred francs. 5. The generals conceived the project of attacking (infin.) the English. 6. I shall receive six hundred francs from your brother. 7. Who will receive the money from your uncle? 8. Last year we received twelve letters from your friend. 9. The children ought to obey the wishes of their parents and of their masters. 10. The soldiers have not re

ceived their pay.

11. We perceive the children whom (que) we are looking for. 12. They perceive that truth.

XIX.-EXERCISES ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION.

With rien, nothing, use also the negative ne; as: je n'entends rien, I hear or understand nothing.

répondre, to answer (a person, a letter, etc.), is followed by à.

EXERCISE XXV.

A.

1. Je vends ma maison. 2. Le marchand vend du sucre et du café. 3. Vous vendez votre cheval. 4. Ne vendrez-vous pas votre chien? Non, Monsieur, je ne vendrai pas mon chien. 5. Attendez un moment. 6. Nous avons attendu longtemps. 7. La femme vendait du beurre et du lait. 8. Qu'avez-vous répondu à votre maître? J'ai répondu que j'avais attendu une heure. 9. Tu perds ton crayon; tu as aussi perdu ta plume. 10. L'enfant n'a rien perdu. 11. Le cheval a perdu un œil. 12. Entendez-vous la musique? Non, je n'entends rien. 13. Cette nuit j'entendis un bruit dans la rue. 14. Ma mère aussi a entendu ce bruit.

1. We are selling our house. 2. The merchants sell beer and wine. 3. He will sell his dog. 4. Will you not sell your horses? 5. No, sir, we will not sell our horses. 6. Wait (sing.) a moment. I have waited a long time. 7. The merchants sold sugar and coffee. 8. What have you sold? I have sold, sir, butter and milk. 9. The boy answers his master. 10. I answered (pret. def.) that I was sick. 11. Whom (qui) do you wait for? I wait for my cousin from (de) London. 12. The children have lost nothing. 13. Yesterday we heard a noise in the street. 14. Have you heard the noise in the house? No, I have heard nothing.

The Verb battre, to beat, drops a t in the Singular of the Present Indicative and Imperative. Otherwise it is regular.

Prés. je bats, tu bats, il bat, nous battons, vous battez, etc.
Impér. bats.

Part. passé, battu.

B.

1. Ne bats pas cet enfant. 2. Il bat son cheval. 3. Réponds à ton maître. 4. Ce tyran cruel a répandu beaucoup de sang innocent. 5. Guillaume a déjà perdu l'œil gauche, il perdra aussi l'œil droit. 6. Tu perds ton argent. 7. Nous perdons tout notre temps. 8. Je perdis hier ma bourse. 9. Qui (who) défend cela (that)? 10. Qui a battu mon chien? 11. Qui a perdu cette bourse? Je crois (I believe) que Pierre a perdu sa bourse. 12. A-t-il aussi perdu de l'argent? Je crois qu'il a perdu un franc. 1. Do not beat (sing.) that girl. 2. She beats her dog. 3. Answer (pl.) your master. 4. This cruel tyrant will shed much (of) innocent blood. 5. These cruel tyrants have shed much innocent blood. 6. The dog has already lost its (say the) right eye; it will lose also its left eye. 7. Who will forbid that? 8. Have the boys beaten my dog? 9. Why (pourquoi) do you lose all your time? 10. Have you lost your purse? I believe that I have lost my purse.

XX. THE PRONOUN (le Pronom).

There are six classes of Pronouns, Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative, Possessive, and Indefinite.

1. Personal Pronouns (Pronom personnels).

There are two kinds of Personal Pronouns in French, the Conjunctive and Disjunctive. The Conjunctive are so called because they are always conjoined with a Verb; the Disjunctive because they are disjoined from a Verb. A. CONJUNCTIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS (Pronoms per sonnels conjonctifs).

The Indefinite Pronoun of the Third on, Dat. se, Acc. se.

Person is Nom.

En is sometimes used for the genitive case of all the Personal Pronouns: of me, of thee; of him, of her, of it; of us, of you, of them.

Y is sometimes used for the dative case of all the Personal Pronouns: to me, to thee, to him, to her, to it; to us, to you, to them.

REMARKS.

1. The Nominative case always precedes the Verb, as in English, except in interrogations; as:

je parle, I speak.

J tu parles, thou speakest, etc.

But in Interrogations the Nominative case follows the Verb, united by a hyphen; as:

parlé-je? do I speak?

parles-tu? dost thou speak? etc.

2. The Dative and Accusative cases are always placed before the Verb, and not after it, as in English; as:

3. In negative sentences the Dative and Accusative cases are always placed between ne and the Verb, as: je ne vous donne I do not give to | il ne me blâme

pas,

pas,

ils ne nous prê-they do not lend je ne le vois pas,

tent pas,

you.

to us.

elle ne m'a pas
répondu,

}

he does not blame

me.

I do not see him.

she has not answered me.

4. In interrogative sentences the Dative and Accusative cases always precede the Verb, as:

me cherche-t-il? does he look for me? vous a-t-il ré

les vend-on ? does one sell them? pondu? }

has he answered

you?

With a negative in interrogative sentences ne always stands first, as :

no me donnes-tu Į dost thou not give ne vous a-t-il pas

pas?

no le cherchez

me?

do you not seek

him?

répondu ?

}

has he not answered you?

vous pas ?

5. There is an exception to the rule in the Imperative Mood of Affirmative Verbs, as:

donnez-moi, apportez-lui,

give to me.
bring to him.

mangez-les,

eat them,

Moi and toi are used instead of me and te after the Verb.

6. But if there is a negative with the Imperative Mood, the words are in the same order as in Rule 4, namely, first, ne; secondly, the Pronoun; and lastly the Verb, as: ne me donnez pas, do not give to me. I ne les mangez ne lui apportez do not bring to pas,

pas,

him.

do not eat them.

7. When there are two Pronouns, one in the Dative case and the other in the Accusative case, the Dative stands first, and the Accusative second, but both before the Verb; as:

8. There is an exception to this rule with the Datives lui and leur, which are always placed after the Accusative of the Personal Pronoun, as:

9. With the affirmative Imperative the Accusative stands first and the Dative second, as:

donnez-le-moi, give it to me.

apportez-les-lui ) bring them to him prêtez-12-nous, (them).

(leur),

}

lend it to us.

10. With the negative Imperative both Pronouns stand before the Verb, according to Rule 6; but lui and leur stand after the Accusative, according to Rule 8; as:

ne me le donnez) do not give it to ne le lui ap- do not bring it to pas, portez pas, him.

}

me.

1. Charles le cherche.

EXERCISE XXVI.

A.

2. Notre père nous donne des leçons de géographie. 3. On vous cherche. 4. On vous a cherché. 5. Qui (who) a mangé mon pain? Henri l'a mangé. 6. Où est Louise? Elle n'est pas ici, mais je l'attends. 7. Donnez-moi votre canne. Non, je la garderai. 8. Apportez-moi de l'eau fraîche; j'ai soif. 9. Pardonnez-moi. 10. Aimes-tu ton père? Oui, je l'aime. 11. Cherchez-vous votre canne? Oui, je la cherche; je l'ai perdue. 12. Le bottier apporte-t-il mes bottes ? Oui, il les apporte.

We are

1. I am looking for you. 2. Her father gives her lessons in (de) geography. 3. One looks for him. 4. One has looked for them. 5. Who has eaten my butter? William has eaten it. 6. Where is Henry? He is not here, but I expect him. 7. Give us our hats. No, I will keep them. 8. Give us some fresh water. thirsty (say we have thirst). 9. Do the children love their mother? Yes, they love her. 10. Bring me some wine. 11. Is he looking for his cane? Yes, he is looking for it; he has lost it. 12. Has the boot-maker brought me my boots? Yes, he has brought them.

B.

1. M'attendez-vous? Oui, je vous attends. 2. Qui m'a cherché Votre frère vous a cherché. 3. Vous a-t-il répondu? Non, il ne m'a pas répondu; mais j'espère qu'il me répondra bientôt. 4. Ne me donnez pas tant de pommes; je ne les mangerai pas. 5. Si vous ne les mangez pas aujourd'hui, vous les mangerez demain. 6. Où est votre thème? L'avez-vous fait? Non, je ne l'ai pas fait, il est trop difficile. 7. Vendrez-vous vos moutons? Non, je ne les vendrai pas; je les garderai. 8. Où sont mes livres? Le relieur les a-t-il apportés. Non, il ne les a pas apportés. Il les apportera demain.

1. Does he expect me? Yes, he expects you. 2. Who has looked for her? Her sister has looked for her. 3. Has she replied to him? No, she has not replied to him, but I hope she will reply