XXI.-PASSIVE VERBS (Verbes passifs).

The Passive of all Transitive Verbs is formed by adding the Past Participle to the Moods and Tenses of être, to be.

je suis aimé, e,
tu es aimé, e,
il est aimé,
elle est aimée,

j'étais aimé, tu étais aimé, il était aimé,

ÊTRE AIME, to be loved.

INDICATIVE MOOD (Indicatif).

PRESENT (Présent).

(Passé défini).
nous fûmes aimés,
vous fûtes aimés,
ils furent aimés,

we were loved. you were loved. they were loved.

PAST ANTERIOR (Passé antérieur).

j'eus été aimé,
tu eus été aimé,
il eut été aimé,
nous eûmes été aimés,
vous eûtes été aimés,

ils eurent été aimés,

I had been loved.

thou hadst been loved.
he had been loved.
we had been loved.
you had been loved.
they had been loved.

FUTURE ANTERIOR (Futur antérieur).

j'aurai été aimé,
tu auras été aimé,
il aura été aimé,
nous aurons été aimés,
vous aurez été aimés,
ils auront été aimés,

IMPERATIVE

sois aimé or aimée, soyons aimés or aimées, soyez aimés or aimées,

I shall have been loved.
thou wilt have been loved.
he will have been loved.
we shall have been loved.
you will have been loved.
they will have been loved.

être aimé, e,

that I may have been loved.
that thou mayst have been loved.
that he may have been loved.
that we may have been loved.
that you may have been loved.
that they may have been loved.

(Plus-que-parfait).

that I might have been loved.
that thou mighist have been loved.
that he might have been loved.
that we might have been loved.
that you might have been loved.
that they might have been loved.

INFINITIVE MOOD (Infinitif).

PAST.

to be loved. | avoir été aimé, e, to have been loved.

1. The Participle agrees in number and gender with the Nominative Case or subject of the Verb; but if the second person plural refer to a single person, the Participle is in the singular; as:

avez-vous été invité, Monsieur? avez-vous été invités, Madame?

have you been invited, Sir? have you been invited, Madam?

2. The Preposition by, after Passive Verbs, is expressed by de and par: de, when the Verb expresses a feeling, a sentiment, etc.; par, when the Verb expresses an action; as:

il est aimé de tout le monde,
la ville de Troie fut prise par les
Grecs,

EXERCISE

he is loved by every body.
the city of Troy was taken by the
Greeks.

XXXIII.

1. Tu es loué de ton maître. 2. Charles ést loué de son père. 3. Marie est aimée de tout le monde; elle est très-bonne. 4. Le soldat fut blessé par un officier. 5. Ces écoliers ont été blâmés parce qu'ils étaient paresseux. 6. Cette maison fut bâtie l'année dernière. 7. Un nouveau palais sera bâti. 8. Trois cents soldats ont été blessés. 9. Vous serez loués de vos maîtres, si vous êtes sages et appliqués. 10. Avez-vous été invité au bal du comte? Non, je n'ai pas été invité. 11. Ma sœur aurait été invitée, si elle était ici. 12. Par qui la ville de Troie fut-elle prise? Par les Grecs.

1. I am praised by my master. 2. My brother is praised by his master. 3. My sister is praised by her master. 4. My brothers are praised by their masters. 5. My sisters are praised by their masters. 6. If you were diligent, you would be loved and praised by your masters. 7. If the girls were diligent, they would be loved and praised by their masters. 8. By whom were the towns taken ? By the Greeks. 9. By whom was the man wounded? By your brother. 10. The scholar was blamed because he was idle. 11. Two new palaces will be built. 12. Have your sisters been invited to the ball? No, they have not been invited.

XXII.-NEUTER VERBS (Verbes neutres).

Neuter Verbs are conjugated like Transitive Verbs. The compound tenses are generally formed with the auxiliary Verb avoir. Some are conjugated with the auxiliary Verb être, to be; of these the most important are:

PLUPERFECT (Plus-que-parfait).

j'étais arrivé, I had arrived.

NOTE.-Demeurer, to reside, takes avoir; when it means

to remain it takes être.

il a demeuré à Paris,

il est demeuré en France,

he has resided at Paris.
he has remained in France.

EXERCISE XXXIV.

1. Le prince arrive. 2. Ma mère arriva hier à huit heures. 3. Qui est arrivé? Monsieur le professeur est arrivé. 4. Je serais arrivé plus tôt (sooner) si j'avais eu le temps. 5. Quand êtes-vous parti? Je suis parti à cinq heures. 6. J'étais à la maison, et j'y suis resté toute l'après-midi. 7. Mon oncle a beaucoup voyagé; il a voyagé en Allemagne, en France, et en Italie. 8. J'aurais aussi voyagé, si j'avais eu assez d'argent. 9. Avez-vous vu qui est monté? Non, je ne l'ai pas vu. 10. Avez-vous bien dormi? Non, je n'ai pas bien dormi. 11. Deux des voyageurs sont restés en chemin; ils ne sont pas encore arrivés. 12. Où avez-vous demeuré l'année dernière? J'ai demeuré à Londres.

1. The general arrives. 2. My father and my mother arrived yesterday at half-past nine. 3. Who has arrived? My brothers have arrived. 4. We should have arrived sooner if we had had the time. 5. When did she set out? She set out yesterday at a quarter to four. 6. We were at home, and we remained there all the afternoon. 7. My brothers have traveled much; they have traveled in England, in Germany, and in Italy. 8. We should also have traveled, if we had had enough money. 9. Has he seen the man who has gone up? No, he has not seen him. 10. Has she slept well? No, she has not slept well. 11. My mother has remained on the journey (en chemin); she has not yet arrived. 12. Where did he reside last year? He has resided at Paris.

XXIII.—REFLECTIVE VERBS (Verbes réfléchis). Reflective Verbs are more frequent in French than in English. Besides the subject, they have always the accusative cases of the Personal Pronouns, me, te, se, nous, vous, se, which stand before the Verbs; as:

s'habiller, to dress one's self. je m'habille, I dress myself.
nous nous habillons, we dress ourselves.