...schooling - so defined - is the foundation of contemporary technological society. As Illich put it: I believe that a desirable future depends on our deliberately...choosing a life of action over a life of consumption, on our engendering a lifestyle which will enable us to be spontaneous, independent, yet related to...

...essentially those formulated pragmatically by Husen (1974) and more philosophically by Illich (1973a, p. 57): I believe that a desirable future depends on our deliberately...choosing a life of action over a life of consumption, on our engendering a life-style which will enable us to be spontaneous, independent, yet related to...

...involved human culture. These ideas are not new. In the 1970s, the cultural critic Ivan Illich wrote: I believe that a desirable future depends on our deliberately...maintaining a lifestyle which only allows to produce and consume - a style of life which is merely a way station on the road to the depletion and pollution...