4. When falloir expresses want, necessity to have, it is still impersonal, and the person or pronoun which, in English, is the subject of must, is to be put in the dative in French, thus:

5. But if the verb to have be expressed in French, it must be put in the subjunctive mood. Ex.

EXERCISE.

I shall want paper, pens, and ink.-What do

I want nothing (for the) present, but I think I shall soon

want a French grammar.-My brother has an old hat, and

much, you must have (a great deal) of circumspection

not (to speak ill) of others. Since I cannot find my

book, I must have another.-We shall want (a great deal)

beaucoup of patience to succeed in our undertaking.-My brothers

have lost their books; they must have others.

RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES ON THE
IMPERSONAL VERBS.

Is it cold this morning? Yes, sir, it is very cold;

however, (I have been told,) it is not so cold as it was on m'a dit yesterday.—The weather is very inconstant in this country;

pays, m.

it was very hot yesterday, it is excessively cold to-day; it

très

imperf.

froze this morning, it hailed at noon, it rained at four imperf. imperf. midi o'clock, and now it drizzles.-If it be fine weather next heures,

week, I shall go to London; but if it be bad weather, I shall

stay at home. It is (a pleasure) to see bees

coming abeille, f. sortir

sunny day.-Had I

du soleil.

6

the continent, I would

-If there were any real virtue in the world, should we

des

pl.

(meet with) so many false friends!-If he behaved well, trouver, cond. se comporter

there would not be a man (in the world) that I should

au monde

esteem more. It is a sad thing to see unfortunate people, davantage. 6 de des malheureux 6

and (be unable) to relieve them.-Those who support the de ne pouvoir secourir

encourager

Much art and nicety are required

délicatesse, f. falloir pour

to please every

à

body. It little matters whether it be my servant or yours peu importe que ce soit

65

who carries the letter to the post.-You must honour your

poste, f.

porter father and mother if you wish to live long and happy.—It

vouloir

is more glorious to conquer our passions than

de vaincre

to conquer de conquérir

the whole world.-Sir, (I want) a pair of boots; have you

entier

il me faut
that (will suit) me?

conviennent

OF PARTICIPLES.

The participle is so called because it partakes of the nature of the verb and of the adjective: of the verb, as it has its signification and object; of the adjective, as it expresses a quality.

There are two participles; the participle active or present, and the participle past.

OF THE PARTICIPLE ACTIVE AND VERBAL ADJECTIVE.

The participle active always ends in French in ant, and in English in ing. Ex. Parlant, speaking; punissant, punishing, &c.

The participle active is undeclined; it admits of no variation as to gender or number. It generally expresses either an action, as écrivant, writing; marchant, walking;

or an operation of the mind, as pensant, thinking, &c. Ex.

J'ai souvent vu cette bonne mère, caressant son enfant, adresser ses prières au ciel;

I have often seen that good mother, whilst caressing her child, offer her prayers to heaven.

we were walking, thinking of our misfortunes.

Nous nous promenions, songeant à nos malheurs; Observation. The verbal adjective, which is nothing else but an adjective derived from the verb, the signification of which it expresses, is to be carefully distinguished from the participle active, from which it differs, in as much as it is declined, while, on the contrary, the participle active is invariable.

The verbal adjective expresses either a quality belonging to the substantive which it modifies, or an aptitude or disposition to act, rather than an action. Like all other adjectives, it takes the gender and number of the substantive it qualifies.

The verbal adjective never governs a direct object. Ex.

L'enfant que vous voyez fait le bonheur de cette mère caressante et aimante ;

the child whom you see constitutes the happiness of that caressing and loving mother.

The participles ayant and étant never can become verbal adjectives; they are therefore always invariable.

EXERCISE ON THE TWO LAST RULES.

(All the verbal adjectives are marked thus-adj.)

The persons whom you saw with us are people fearing gens, pl. God and loving virtue. She met your father (as she was)

en

coming here. We were told (the day before yesterday) that avant hier

your sister, remembering the injuries which she received se ressouvenir de

from your brother, refused to see him.-Brutus saw his two

sons expiring by his orders.-That reflection perplexing the embarrasser

hériter de

good man, he said, &c.—He inherited all the property biens, pl. adj. belonging to his uncle.-He heard that several of his offiapprendre

cers belonging to families of the highest rank meditated méditer une treason.-Geography and chronology being the two eyes

trahison, f.

-ie, f.

-ie, f.

of history, (we should), (in order to) study well the latter, be

pour

celle-ci, étre guided by the former.-Will he desert that poor unfortunate

il faut

celle-là.

abandonner

woman when she is dying on these burning

6

6

adj.

malheureuse sands?

brûlant, adj.

sable, m.

Your aunt having given the necessary orders to your

cousins, set out immediately for London. Look at those Regarder

lambs which are skipping in that meadow.-Do you see 6 bondir

agneau, m. 6

prairie, f.

those animals languishing with thirst, and drinking (on the) adj. de

margin of that limpid brook.

au

bord, in.

ruisseau, m.

ON THE PARTICIPLE PAST.

The participle past may be joined either to the verb étre, to be, or the verb avoir, to have.

THE PARTICIPLE PAST WITH THE VERB étre.

Rule 1.-The participles past of all passive verbs, as well as those of neuter verbs, which are conjugated with the verb étre, to be, are declined, and always take the gender