EXERCISE CLXXXV. épousée The lady you have married is my cousin. femme drink is very good.-I will never forget the prendre oublier done me.-Have you received the letter I faite favour you have grâce f. wrote to you? ai écrite I think he will come.-Titus spent eighty millions in the dépensa dans peuple m. WHOSE, of WHOM, of WHICH, are generally expressed in French by dont, both in speaking of persons and things; as, Le ciel, dont le secours est né- | Heaven, whose assistance is ne cessaire. L'homme dont il se plaint. La maison dont vous parlez. cessary. The man of whom he complains. The house of which you speak. But, when the relative requires to be separated from its antecedent, instead of dont, we use duquel and de laquelle in speaking of things or animals; as, La Tamise, dans le lit de laquelle, etc. | The Thames, in the bed of which, etc. In speaking of persons, it is generally a matter of indifference whether we use de qui, or duquel, de laquelle; as, Le prince à la protection DE QUI The prince to whose patronage I ou DUQUEL je dois ma fortune. owe my fortune. FROM WHOM is rendered by de qui, and not by dont. N.B. DONT can only be used when the antecedent is expressed; for, in the beginning of an interrogative phrase, of whom would be rendered by de qui, and of which by duquel, de laquelle; as, De qui parlez-vous ? Duquel vous plaignez-vous? Of whom do you speak? Note. We have said, page 41, that dont is never used to ask a question, that is you never begin a question with dont; but, in the body of an interrogative phrase, the word is perfectly correct; as, Où est la femme DONT vous parlez? Where is the woman of whom you speak ? WHOSE, used without reference to a noun expressed before, implies the word person understood. If it can be changed into of whom, it is expressed by de qui; as, De qui êtes-vous fils? Whose son are you? i.e. of whom are you the son? If WHOSE can be changed into to whom, it is expressed by à qui, as, A qui est ce chapeau? Whose hat is this? i.e., to whom does this hat belong? EXERCISE CLXXXVI. There is the gentleman whose horse has won the race. Voilà gagner prixde la course He is a man of whom I have a good opinion. The lady of whom * dame you are speaking is gone.-Here is the book of which you partir Voici ind-1 made me a present.—The daughter of Minos gave a thread to ind-4 * présent Theseus, (by means) of which he got out Thésée au moyen sortir ind-3 ind-3 fil m. of the labyrinth. labyrinthem. The people from whom you expect so many services deceive gens attendre tant de you. Whose daughter is she?-Whose house is that? tromper When WHOM and WHICH come after any preposition (except of), whom is expressed by qui, and which by lequel, laquelle, lesquels, lesquelles; as, Le monsieur à QUI j'écris est très | The gentleman to whom I write is riche. Il y a un Dieu, par QUI tout est Le cheval sur LEQUEL il est. very rich. There is a God, by whom all things are governed. The horse on which he is. The chaise in which he is. It follows from the foregoing rule, that qui, preceded by a preposition, is never said of things, but only of persons. So, we can say: La personne à qui j'ai donné ma confiance; but we cannot say: Les sciences à qui je m'applique. We must say: Les sciences auxquelles je m'applique. † Monsieur, not gentilhomme, which, in the French language, means nobleman. EXERCISE CLXXXVII. The man, for whom you speak, is gone to Paris.—He is a C9 aller friend in whom I put my confidence.-There are two things mettre confiance f. y avoir en to which we must (accustom ourselves) under pain of finding falloir s'accoutumer peine inf-1 life insupportable: the injuries of time and the injustices of injure f. men.-Regulus, in his expedition against Carthage, had to ind-3 Régulus combat a prodigious serpent, against which it was necessary to combattre falloir ind-3 * m. employ the whole Roman army. § V. OF INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.-See page 44. 1. Though the pronoun ON is generally followed by a masculine singular; as, ON n'est pas toujours HEUREUX. People are not always fortunate. Yet, when it is quite evident that a female is spoken of, on should be followed by a feminine singular; as, ON n'est pas toujours JEUNE et A woman cannot be always young JOLIE.-(Acad.) and pretty. On may likewise be followed by an adjective or substantive plural, when the sense clearly indicates that this pronoun relates to several persons: the verb however remains singular; as, ON se battit en désespérés. They fought like desperate men. (Inscription sur la porte d'un cimetière.) Ici ON est égaux. 2. On must be repeated before every verb of which it is the subject or nominative; as, ON le loue, on le menace, on le | They praise, threaten, and caress caresse; mais, quoi que l'on fasse, on ne peut en venir à bout. him; but whatever they do, they cannot master him. N.B. When they is used with reference to a plural noun expressed before, it is rendered in French by il or elles, and not by on. Observe also, that although on frequently represents WE, THEY, PEOPLE, which are all of the plural number, yet on always followed by a verb in the third person singular. 3. The English have an indefinite manner of expressing themselves, by means of the indefinite pronoun IT, which the French express by ON, at the same time changing the verb from the passive into the active sense; as, ON dit. On pense. On rapporte. It is said. It is thought. It is reported. 4. On is much used in French as the subject of an active verb, when the passive voice is used in English. So, instead of saying as the English: I am deceived;-I have been told; the French say: On me trompe ;-On m'a dit; as if it were, They deceive me; They have told me. CHACUN, each, everyone. This pronoun is always singular, but when preceded by a plural, it is sometimes followed by son, sa, ses, and sometimes by leur, leurs. Chacun takes son, sa, ses, when it is placed after the direct regimen, or when the verb has no regimen of that nature; as, Ils ont apporté leurs offrandes, | They have brought their offerings, chacun selon ses moyens. Les deux rois se sont retirés, chacun | dans sa tente. Ils ont opiné, chacun à son tour. everyone according to his means. The two kings have retired, each to his tent. They voted, each in his turn. Chacun takes leur, leurs, when it is placed before the direct regimen; as, Ils ont apporté, chacun, leurs of- | Each of them has brought his offer frandes. Ils ont donné, chacun, leur avis. * ing. Each of them gave his opinion. EXERCISE CLXXXVIII. When a woman is handsome, she (is not ignorant of it).— Quand on, on ne l'ignore pas We are not slaves, to endure such ill treatment.-In Оп des pour endurer de si mauvais pl. that house, they laugh, play, dance, and sing.-It is believed rire danser * -We have been much année f. bien deceived. He is said to have succeeded. Return those medals, trompés réussi Remettre médaillef. each to its place. CHAPTER V. OF THE VERB. § I. AGREEMENT of the VERB with its SUBJECT or NOMINATIVE. GENERAL RULE.-A verb must agree with its subject in number and person; as, Nous lisons; vous lisez. La haine veille, et l'amitié s'endort. [asleep. We read; you read. Observation.-When a verb has more than one subject, it is put in the plural; as, Mon frère et lui parlent français. My brother and he speak French. And, should the subjects be of different persons, the verb must agree with the first person in preference to the other two, and with the second rather than with the third. In this case, the pronoun nous (not expressed in English) is generally placed before the verb, if one of the subjects is in the first person; and the pronoun vous, t if the second person is used with the third. without a first person; as, Vous et moi, Nous avons fait notre | You and I have done our duty. devoir. (Acad.) J'ai appris que vous et votre frère I have heard that you and your VOUS partiez bientôt. (Ibid.) brother were soon to set out. EXERCISE CLXXXIX. 2Riches 1often attract friends, and poverty keeps them richesses pl. attirer art. éloigner away.-Religion watches over 'secret 'crimes; the laws watch * -f. veiller m. + Observe, I say, generally, and not always, as most grammarians do; for nous or vous may sometimes be understood, as in this sentence of Fénelon Narbal et moi ADMIRIONS la bonté des dieux. Narbal and I were admiring the goodness of the gods. |