Il a cessé ses plaintes. Il a cessé de pleurer. He has ceased his complaints. The same verb is conjugated with either of the auxiliaries, when it has no complement; it means to be over, to have ceased.—EXAMPLE: Sa fièvre a cessé, ou est cessée. His fever is over. Convenir, when it is conjugated with avoir, means être convenable to suit; and, when it is conjugated with étre, it means demeurer d'accord, to agree.-EXAMPLE: Cette maison m'a converu, et je | This house suited me, and I agreed suis convenu du prix. for the price. Demeurer, when it is conjugated with avoir, means to reside, or tarry; to stay a long while.-EXAMPLES: J'ai demeuré près de onze ans à | I have resided near eleven years Philadelphie. in Philadelphia. Sa plaie a demeuré long-temps à It was a long time before his se fermer. wound was healed. But, when this verb means to remain, it requires étre.—EXAMPLE: Il est demeuré deux mille hommes | Two thousand men remained in dans la place. the place. Racine therefore commits a fault, when he says -Ma langue embarrassée Dans ma bouche vingt fois a demeuré glacée. Est should have been used instead of a. Monter and descendre admit of either auxiliary; but être should be preferred.-EXAMPLES: Notre Seigneur est monté au ciel. | Our Lord ascended into heaven. Il a, ou il est, monté à cheval. Il était enseigne; il a monté à la lieutenance. Le blé a ou est monté jusqu'à vingt francs le setier. Il est descendu de sa chambre. La justice a descendu dans ce lieu. He went on horseback. He was an ensign: he has been promoted to a lieutenancy. Corn has risen to twenty francs the twelve bushels. He came down from his room. The officers of justice went into that place. But, should these verbs have a direct complement, only the auxiliary avoir should be used.-EXAMPLES: Il a monté un superbe cheval. Il a descenda les degrés avec pré cipitation. He mounted a superb horse. Passer, when followed by any complement, is conjugated with avoir.-EXAMPLES: Il a passé le long de la Tamise. Elle a passé comme une chandelle On these lines of Boileau, He has passed along the Thames. He has passed through all the degrees. She went off like a candle that burns out. -Si leur sang tout pur, ainsi que leur noblesse, D'Olivet observes, that a passé would be better; but, should that verb close the phrase, the auxiliary être should be used.-EXAM PLES: L'année est passée. Mes beaux jours sont passés. The year is elapsed. We say, however, Ce mot a passé, to intimate that it has been admitted;—and, Ce mot est passé, to assert that it is no longer in use. Echapper is conjugated with avoir, when it is attended by a direct complement.-EXAMPLES: Il a échappé la côte, le danger, la | He escaped the coast, the danger, potence. Vous pouvez vous vanter que vous l'avez échappé belle. the gallows. You may boast that you had a nar row escape. Except in the above cases, it takes either of the auxiliaries.EXAMPLES: Il a échappé des mains du guet. Il est échappé du feu, des galères. Le cerf a, on est, échappé aux chiens. He escaped from the hands of the watch. He escaped from fire, from the galleys. The stag has escaped from the dogs. Courir, signifying to run, admits of the auxiliary avoir only.EXAMPLE: Racine has therefore committed an error in the following line: Il en était sorti lorsque j'y suis couru. I believe the above list comprises all the verbs of which custom has justified the conjugation, occasionally, either with one or both of the auxiliaries. Should any verb have escaped our inquiries, we must refer to the reading of good authors, which cannot fail to establish the habit of applying the proper auxiliary to the stationary or neuter verbs. But I will here give a rule, discovered by Restaut, which, I think, is accurate. "All neuter, or stationary verbs, whose past participle is declinable, are conjugated with the verb être; the neuter verbs, whose past par. ticiple is indeclinable, ought to be conjugated with avoir. Thus, since we may say, Un homme tombé; une femme arrivée, we ought to conjugate tomber, and arriver, with the verb être; but, as we cannot say Un homme dormi: une femme régnée, we cannot conjugate dormir and régner with the verb être; they must be conjugated with avoir." LESSON THE TWENTY-SECOND. ON THE PREPOSITION. RULE I. The prepositions à, de, or en, must be repeated in a sentence before each complement of theirs. Sa gaieté est un peu bruyante, il | His gaiety is rather boisterous, it est vrai; mais il a tant de franchise, de naturel, et de bonhomie, qu'il est impossible de le trouver importun. is true; but he has so much openness, ingenuousness, and good-nature, that it is impossible to find him troublesome. Other monosyllabic prepositions must, in general, be also repeated before each complement of theirs.-EXAMPLES: Le jargon, ce ramage de société, consiste dans des tours de phrases particuliers; dans un usage bizarre des mots; dans l'art de relever de petites idées par des expressions recherchées: on peut le pardonner aux femmes, mais il est indigne d'un homme Les ministres de la religion se regardent comme les docteurs, les pères, et les médecins des ames, pour les instruire de la pure doctrine du salut; pour pourvoir à tous leurs besoins; pour guérir leurs maux, ou pour les prévenir. L'homme poli est patient, indul. gent, généreux, sans ivresse d'amour-propre; sans écarts ridicules de vanité; sans humeur. Comment opposerais-je au reste des humains Prepositions of more than one syllable are seldom repeated, if the nouns complementary, or the ideas they express, be ever so little synonymous or congenial. EXAMPLE: Aujourd'hui, pourvu qu'on entre dans un cercle avec un air d'importance et un habit de goût, on est sûr d'être bien accueilli. Provided we enter a circle now-adays with an air of self-importance and a fashionable coat, we are sure of being well received. But, should the complementary words have meanings totally dif ferent, the preposition must commouly be repeated.-EXAMPLE: Rien n'est moins selon Dieu et se- | Nothing is less according to God lon le monde. and according to the world. I conclude, by observing that custom alone will acquaint you with every circumstance under which the prepositions must be repeated, and those under which it is required that they should be expressed only before the first complement; for they are all, except à, de, and en, liable to variations, which cannot be embraced by any rule. En differs from dans, in this respect, that the first is always used in an indefinite sense, while the second is used in a definitive sense. Vous le trouverez dans sa cham- | You will find him in his room. From the indeterminate meaning of en, you might naturally infer, that it ought not to be followed by the article; but exceptions have crept into a few familiar modes of expression, such as the following: |