COLERIDGE London to Keswick, to Penrith, to Coleorton, to Bristol, and to Bridgwater. At London he began what might have been a very remarkable series of lectures at the Royal Institution; but the experiment failed, from the same cause that previous ones had failed. He next thought of a fresh venture in journalism, and projected a new weekly paper, The Friend, for which he got a number of subscribers. It was printed at Penrith at his own expense. The Wordsworths took him into their house at Allan Bank, Grasmere, for the winter; and while Coleridge wrote most of the papers for The Friend himself, Wordsworth supplied him with some of the articles, and Sarah Hutchinson transcribed them week by week for the press. The paper lived from August 1809 to March 1810. The habit of opium-eating, which had now obtained a fatal ascendency, could not be hidden from his friends; and at this juncture the Wordsworths, with the greatest delicacy, tried their utmost to help and to befriend him. They were misunderstood. He went up to London in 1810, and a strange cloud (the full story of which has yet to be told) obscured for a time the old relationship between the households. A partial estrangement lasted for some years, but was at length overcome by the friendly offices of Henry Crabb Robinson. Осса During Coleridge's later years in London he lived for four years with an old Bristol friend, John Morgan, at Hammersmith. He first tried the experiment of lecturing on Shakespeare. sionally his appearances were brilliant; more usually they were absolute failures. His conversational powers, however, seem to have increased, while his success as a lecturer diminished. All his life he had been in the habit of receiving gifts freely from such friends as the Beaumonts, and the Wedgwoods, from Stuart, and Wordsworth, and De Quincey; and though he occasionally did generous things to others, his neglect of the primal duties to his own family put a severe strain upon the tie that bound these friends to him. The remaining years of his life were spent at Highgate with Mr and Mrs Gillman, whose kindness and consideration were unbounded. Though a wreck of his former self, the baleful opium-habit lessened, as Coleridge grew older, and he was able to do a good deal of miscellaneous writing. Some of his best prose work was written at Highgate. Though a dreamy and often unintelligible sage, he became a sort of oracle to a circle of enthusiastic admirers that gathered round him, and he completely fascinated the young men, who made their weekly pilgrimages to Gillman's house to hear him talk. As the years went on, his health somewhat improved, and he was even able to make occasional visits. In 1829 he took a short tour with the Wordsworths, accompanying the poet and his daughter to the Rhine. He died on the 23d July 1834, and was buried at Highgate. As a Poet, Critic, and Philosopher (the three functions having been combined by Coleridge as they had never been by any previous Englishman) he was certainly a star of the first magnitude in the firmament of letters. For originality, insight, grace, musicalness, deft subtlety of thought, naturalness and charm of diction, he had only one rival amongst the poets of the Renaissance. It is true there have been greater poets in England, but there has been no greater poetical critic in British literature. Coleridge was a critic of poets (and the poets have, as a rule, been the best critics of each other). As yet there is no estimate of the literary revival which Coleridge and Wordsworth inaugurated that is superior to what the former wrote in his Biographia Literaria; and he was a philosophical critic, because he was a philosopher amongst the pcets. He may be said to have inaugurated a new era by his poetic idealism, and by introducing the spirit of Plato alike into his poetry and his literary criticism. As a philosopher, however, he does not occupy the foremost place. He was too miscellaneous, too assimilative, and his intellect too meteoric and vagrant for speculative originality of the highest order. But he was one of the most suggestive of critics. Though not profoundly learned, he was very widely read; and he did more to leaven English philosophy, literature, and theology with the depth and the free spirit of Germany, than any one of his contemporaries. He vitalised whatever he discussed; and his writings will prob ably continue to kindle successive generations, and to fascinate them, even while they fail to convince. Coleridge's most important works are: Poems (1876); Wallenstein (1800); The Friend (1809-10); Remorse (1813); Christabel, Kubla Khan, &c. (1816); The Statesman's Manual (1816); Sibylline Leaves (1817); Biographia Literaria (1817); Aids to Reflection (1825). Posthumously published-four volumes of Literary Remains (1836-38); Confessions of an Enquiring Spirit (1840); Essay on Method (1845). The chief authorities in reference to Coleridge are Letters, Conversations, and Recollections, by Allsop (1836); Cottle's Early Recollections (1837); Gillman's Life (1838); Coleridge's Letters to Sir George and Lady Beaumont (1886); Mrs Sandford's Thomas Poole and his Friends (1889); the Biographia Literaria (1817); De Quincey's 'S. T. Coleridge,' in his Recollections of the Lakes (1857); Eliza Meteyard's Group of Englishmen, 1795-1815 (1871); the Memoirs of Wordsworth (1851); Southey's Life and Correspondence (1850); Lamb's Letters (1888); Mr Traill's Coleridge (1884); and Alois Brandl's S. T. A Coleridge and the English Romantic School (1882). complete and exhaustive biography was commenced in 1888 by his grandson, Mr Ernest Coleridge. Coleridge, SARA, the gifted daughter of the great Coleridge, was born, 22d December 1802, at Greta Hall, near Keswick, where she was brought up by Southey. She grew up a remarkably sweet and graceful girl, with already more than a woman's intellect. Her 'depth of meditative eye' is noticed by Wordsworth in the finest lines of his rather poor poem, the Triad (1828), the other maidens of the group being Edith Southey and Dora Wordsworth. Sara early showed remarkable powers of mind, with all her father's leaning towards psychology and abstract thought. At twenty she published, to aid her brother Derwent's college expenses, a translation of Martin Dobrizhofer's Latin Account of the Abipones (1784), and three years later the Loyal Servitor's' memoirs of the Chevalier Bayard. In 1829 she married her cousin, Henry Nelson Coleridge, and on his death in 1843 succeeded him in the task of annotating and editing her father's writings. Her health failed early, and she died 3d May 1852. Her own works were Pretty Lessons for Good Children (1834), and Phantasmion (1837), and Letters were edited by her daughter in 1873.a somewhat remarkable fairy-tale. Her Memoirs Her son, HERBERT COLERIDGE, born in 1830, was educated at Eton and Balliol College, took a doublefirst in 1852, and was called to the bar, but devoted himself to the study of comparative philology. Elected a member of the Philological Society in 1857, he threw himself with enthusiasm into its ambitious project of a standard English dictionary, and was practically editor in its earlier stages. His own works were a Glossarial Index to the Printed English Literature of the Thirteenth Century (1859), and an excellent essay on King Arthur, printed after his untimely death (at London, 23d April 1861) by the Philological Society. Coleroon, the largest and most northerly branch from the Kaveri, flows 94 miles, chiefly between Trichinopoly and Tanjore, into the Bay of Bengal. It is remarkable for its two weirs or dams, the anicuts, constructed in 1856. Coles, CowPER PHIPPS, naval architect, born in Hampshire in 1819, early entered the navy, and became lieutenant in 1846 and captain in 1856. In 1855 he constructed a gun-raft, which was favourably reported on; from 1856 he was engaged in experiments, and ultimately produced a form of turret-ship, the general idea of which had probably occurred to him independently, although its development owed much to the invention of Ericsson (q.v.). A vessel was built from his designs, with little more than 6 feet of freeboard; it was commissioned as the Captain early in 1870, and on 7th September turned bottom upwards in a gale, and sank off Cape Finisterre, almost all on board, including Coles, being drowned. Coleseed. See RAPE. Coleshill, a market-town of Warwickshire, 10 miles ENE. of Birmingham. Pop. of parish, 2356. Colet, JOHN, born in London about 1467, was the eldest son of a family of twenty-two. His father, Sir Henry Colet, was twice Lord Mayor of London. Colet studied at Oxford with the view of entering the church, and about 1493 made a prolonged visit to the Continent, travelling through France into Italy. While in Italy he became acquainted with the views of Savonarola, which subsequent study and experience led him to regard with increasing approval. Having returned to England in 1496, and been ordained priest, he delivered at Oxford a series of lectures on the Epistles of St Paul, which attracted great attention, his principles of interpretation being at every point opposed to those of the scholastic theologians. In 1498 Erasmus came to Oxford, and it is one of Colet's chief claims to remembrance that he powerfully influenced that scholar's opinions on the proper methods of Scripture interpretation and on the value of the scholastic philosophy. In 1505 Colet was made Dean of St Paul's, London, and in this office still continued to deliver lectures on different books of Scripture, which gave rise to much diversity of opinion. With the large fortune he inherited on the death of his father, Colet founded St Paul's School (q.v.). At this school 153 scholars were received, whose education was conducted in a spirit far in advance of the time. On account of Colet's vigorous denunciation of the ignorance and corruption of the clergy, charges of heresy were brought against him, but Archbishop Warham refused to support them. Colet also spoke out strongly against the French wars of Henry VIII., who, nevertheless, always treated him with regard. In 1518, feeling his end approaching, Colet appointed the Mercers' Company of London as managers of his school-a step of decisive importance, as it was the first example of lay management of an educational institution. He died of dropsy, 16th September 1519. Of late years it has been conclusively shown that Colet was one of the most striking figures of his time in England. He was not a great scholar, and he left no writings that entitle him to remembrance; but by his clear view of the urgent need of reform in the church, and by the intensity of his religious convictions, he gave an impulse to men like Sir Thomas More and Erasmus, which influenced their whole life-work. At the same time, Colet, though an ardent religious reformer, never entertained the thought of a formal rupture with Rome. His foundation of St Paul's School, and the character he gave to that institution, entitles him to an eminent place among educational reformers. See Seebohm's Oxford Reformers (2d ed. 1869), and the Rev. J. H. Lupton's Life of Colet (1887). Colewort. See CABBAGE. Colfax, SCHUYLER, American statesman, born at New York, 23d March 1823, removed in 1836 to Indiana, where in 1845 he acquired a newspaper at South Bend, which he made the most influential Whig journal in the district. He was a delegate to the Whig conventions of 1848 and 1852; he was returned to congress in 1854 by the newly-formed Republican party, and re-elected until 1869, being thrice chosen Speaker; and in 1868 he was elected vice-president of the United States, in Grant's first term. Implicated, apparently unjustly, in the Crédit Mobilier charges of 1873, he spent the remainder of his life in political retirement, making public appearances only on the lecture platform, and died at Mankato, in Minnesota, 13th January 1885. See his Life by O. J. Hollister (New York, 1886). Colibri. See HUMMING-BIRD. Colic (Gr. colon, the large intestine ;' and the Roman physicians to denote diseases INTESTINES), a name employed by the later Greek attended with severe pain and flatulent distension of the abdomen, without diarrhoea or looseness of the bowels. The disease (commonly called gripes modic in character, and to be dependent upon or belly-ache) is now generally believed to be spasirregular contractions of the muscular coat of the intestines: its supposed particular connection with the colon, or large intestine, however, is not usually to be made out from the symptoms. ful disorders of the bowels are very frequent in evacuations, especially when they are exposed to persons who are not attentive to the regular cold so as to experience chill or coldness of the feet, which will often suffice to bring on an attack of colic. The disease is usually attended with Constipation (q.v.), and ceases when the regular action of the bowels is restored, although often in this case the operation of medicine is attended by continued pain for a time. Warm fomentations to sometimes medicated with opium, or decoction of the abdomen may be employed with advantage, poppy-heads; and great relief is commonly experienced from friction with a warm liniment, such as opodeldoc, or the soap and opium liniment. Pressure with the hand over the painful part commonly diminishes the suffering for the time in simple colic, but increases it in more serious diseases. Warmth to the feet, and the recumbent posture, are also to be recommended. In very severe or protracted cases opium may be taken internally. castor-oil (one ounce or more for an adult), with A good remedy in such cases is a full dose of 30 or 35 drops of laudanum, or of solution of morphia. (Opiates should not be given to children except under medical advice, and in very reduced doses.) When colic resists such mild and simple remedies as the above-when it is accompanied by tenderness of the belly, or by hard swelling in any part of it-when constipation is obstinate, or vomiting is present when there is feverishness, or tendency to exhaustion-or when there is reason to the mere accumulation of the products of digestion believe that it may depend on any other cause than in the intestines, no time should be lost in seeking the best medical assistance that can be procured; for colic is closely allied as a symptom to several very severe and dangerous diseases. One of these complicated forms of colic is termed Ileus, or iliac passion (from the idea that its seat was in the small intestine-ileum). It is attended with obstruction of the bowels, often from mechanical twisting or involution of one part with another (hence termed volvulus). This is, of course, a disease of extreme danger. The only treatment that can be attempted without medical assistance is the employment of large injections by the lower bowel, and opium in moderate and repeated doses (grain to 1 grain, or 12 to 20 drops of laudanum) by the mouth, care large quantities of coffee, sugar, rice, tobacco, (1881) 643. Collar-bone, or CLAVICLE (q.v.), is in man, as in most mammals, the only bone directly connecting the upper extremity with the skeleton of the trunk. It is consequently very often broken, more often than any other bone except perhaps the radius. Under proper treatment, in children sometimes even without treatment, it readily reunites without any impairment of the usefulness of the limb. But it is very difficult to maintain such exact adjustment that no irregularity of the surface of the bone will remain; and as it lies close under the skin, the resulting deformity is often visible. Collateral. See CONSANGUINITY, SUCCESSION. Collateral Security is an additional and separate security for the performance of an obligation. Coligny, GASPARD DE, one of the greatest Frenchmen of the 16th century, was born at Coll, one of the Argyllshire Hebrides, 16 miles Châtillon-sur-Loing, February 16, 1517. At the W. of Tobermory in Mull. It is 13 miles long, 1 to age of twenty-two he began his career as a soldier, 3 broad, and 30 sq. m. in area. It nowhere and greatly distinguished himself in the wars which exceeds 326 feet in height; mica-slate is the preFrancis I. and Henry II. carried on against Spain. dominant rock; and more than a third of the surBy Henry II. he was appointed colonel-general of face is cultivated or in pasture. Pop. (1801) 1162; the French infantry, and the severe system of discipline he introduced gave a new character to the art of war in the 16th century. In 1552 he was made admiral of France, though he never commanded on the sea. By holding the town of St Quentin (1557) with a handful of men for seventeen days against the army of Spain, he was the means of saving his country. It was during his imprisonment, after the capture of this town, that he embraced the views of the Huguenots, to the furtherance of which the rest of his life was consecrated. On the accession of Francis II. in 1559, the Guises became all-powerful, and their interest and fanaticism led them to oppose all toleration of the Huguenots. To obtain this toleration, how ever, was Coligny's great aim, and by his high character and his abilities as a statesman and general, he succeeded in conjunction with the heads of the Bourbon family in effecting the treaty known as the Pacification of Amboise' (1563), by which the Huguenots were allowed freedom of worship. This concession having been gradually withdrawn by the queen-mother, Catharine de' Medicis, the second Huguenot war broke out in 1567, when, on the death of the Prince of Condé, Coligny was appointed generalissimo of the forces of Henry of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. of France. Both parties having grown weary of the war, peace was concluded in 1570 on the basis of the treaty of Amboise, mainly through Coligny's energy. Catharine de' Medicis, however, again becoming alarmed at the growing power of the Huguenots, and especially at the ascendency of Coligny over the young king, Charles IX., determined by one desperate stroke to regain her power. In 1572, a numerous body of the Huguenot nobles having been drawn to Paris by the marriage of Henry of Navarre with Margaret, the sister of the king, the massacre of St Bartholomew took place, when Coligny was murdered in his bed, and his body thrown into the street by Henry of Guise and his followers. In his personal character Coligny was one of the noblest Frenchmen of his time. His religious zeal was purely disinterested, and he had deeply at heart the welfare of his country. His great aim was to make the Huguenots a national party, and by their enthusiasm to defeat the schemes of Spain, who he saw was bent on supremacy in western Europe. Had he lived a few years longer the history of French Protestantism would have been different. Coligny's wide views are further seen in his unsuccessful attempts to found Protestant colonies in Brazil and North America. See his Life by Blackburn (2 vols. Phila. 1869), Bersier (Eng. trans. 1884), and Delaborde (3 vols. Paris, 1880). Coli'ma, a Mexican state on the Pacific coast, with an area of 2694 sq. m., and a pop. (1882) of 72,591. The soil is very fertile, the climate warm; Collation. See BENEFICE. Col'lé, a town of Italy, on the Elsa, 24 miles SSW. of Florence. It has an old cathedral and castle. Pop. 5090. liturgies of the Western Church. It consists of a Collect, a short form of prayer, peculiar to the single sentence, conveying one main petition, which is based on an attribute ascribed to God in the opening invocation, and closing with an ascription Thus much for the structure of these prayers, which, of praise or a pleading of the merits of Christ. whether in Latin or English, may be described, alike from their noble rhythmical harmony and from their pathos and devout simple earnestness, as models of liturgical petitions; the etymology of the fact that it is from the Latin colligere, 'to their name is more difficult to determine, beyond collect. According to some, the prayer was so collects or condenses the teachings of the epistle called because, as in the English Prayer-book, it and gospel for the day; but this explanation applies only to the class of special collects. According to others, the term implies that the prayer collects and sums up all the previous petitions, or gathers and offers up in one comprehensive form all Both these derivations are open to serious objecthe spoken and unspoken petitions of the people. tions, and neither has any historical basis; the most probable view is that which traces the name service, at which certain prayers (orationes ad colto the collecta, or assembly of the people for divine the mass (orationes ad missam). Of the collects lectam) were said, distinct from the later prayers of used in the liturgy of the Church of England, some, old collects were mainly prayers for the saints' including most of those for saints' days-since the intercession-were composed at the Reformation, or even later; but most, taken from the old Roman Missal, are derived from the Sacramentaries of Popes Leo, Gelasius, and Gregory (5th and 6th centuries). The remoter source of the weekly COLLEMBOLA in England and Wales at the beginning of the 16th Collembola, the name given by Sir John Colley, SIR GEORGE, major-general, was born in 1835, and in 1852 received an ensigncy in the 2d or Queen's Foot, whose headquarters, then in the eastern frontier of Cape Colony, he joined in 1854. He was a border magistrate in 1857-58, surveyed the Trans-kei country, and served with his regiment in China in 1860. He was then for some years major of brigade at Plymouth, and a professor at the Staff College. He ably managed the transport service in the Ashanti expedition, and in 1875 accompanied Sir Garnet Wolseley to Natal, where he was for some time colonial treasurer, and prepared a valuable report and map of the Transvaal and Swaziland. From 1876 to 1880, except for a short period of service as chief of Wolseley's staff in Zululand and the Transvaal, he was private secretary to Lord Lytton, then viceroy in India. Appointed governor and commander-in-chief of Natal in April 1880, he commanded his small force against the Boers at Laing's Nek and Ingogo, and fell, shot through the forehead by a rifle-bullet, in the attack on Majuba Hill, February 27, 1881. Collie. round and cat-like. The collie should have a short dense under-coat fitted to withstand the severest wet or cold, with a long and beautiful outer-coat springing from it; round the neck this coat develops into a 'ruff' or 'frill' which sticks out in front and on each side to a great length, adding largely to the dog's beauty. Many anecdotes are told of the collie, who from his intimate association with man has acquired almost human intelligence, a good dog being able to separate the sheep under his care from those of other flocks. The collie often deteriorates in intelligence when kept merely as a companion; he is apt to get cross-tempered, a fact which the shepherd does not consider a fault, as it prevents strangers interfering with the sheep. But when not spoilt no dog makes such an agreeable companion as the collie, as his instinct is to attach himself to one person to whom he becomes devoted. lished in 1713, was written ten years before), coincides in a remarkable way with Berkeley's Theory of Vision (published 1709). He was a High-Churchman, and wrote also A Specimen of True Philosophy (1730) and a Logology (1732). Collier, ARTHUR, metaphysician, the son of a clergyman, was born in 1680 at Langford Magna, Wiltshire, studied at Oxford, and became rector of Collie. The origin of the collie is somewhat the family living at Langford in 1704, remaining obscure, but great antiquity is claimed for it. there till his death in 1732. At Balliol College, Buffon has gone so far as to call it the oldest Collier had devoted himself to the study of Descartes known breed of dogs, an opinion not now generally and Malebranche; and his notable book, Clavis entertained; though it is only reasonable to suppose Universalis, or a New Inquiry after Truth, being a that the ancients, after providing a dog for the Demonstration of the Non-Existence and Impossichase, next turned their attention to obtaining ability of the External World (which, though pubguardian for their flocks. For many years collies were confined to Scotland and the northern counties of England, until their good points as a graceful and intelligent companion attracting more atten tion, they were taken south in large numbers, and became the most popular breed of the day. Thanks to judicious breeding and a large expenditure of money, the best show collies are now all found in England. Tempted by the demand for black-andtan dogs, a cross with the Gordon setter was resorted to, producing many collies with the flat ears and open coat of the setter, a cross to be avoided at all costs. In judging the collie the fact should never be forgotten that it is meant to do work in all weathers, requiring the best of legs and feet, a close coat, and a strong active body capable of great speed; and that a long and beautiful coat, if unaccompanied by a thick under-coat, Collier, JEREMY, nonjuror and purifier of the English stage, was born at Stow cum Quy, in Cambridgeshire, 23d September 1650. His father was a clerical schoolmaster at Ipswich, and here and at Caius College, Cambridge, he was educated, graduating B. A. in 1672. For six years he was rector of Ampton, near Bury St Edmunds, and for some years before the Revolution he was lecturer at Gray's Inn. His reply to Dr Gilbert Burnet's Inquiry into the State of Affairs (1688) cost him some months' imprisonment in Newgate. He next waged warfare on the crown with a succession of incisive pamphlets, carrying his refusal to recog |