BUILDING SOCIETIES-BULB. be added-demise by deed the corporate lands or houses for any term not exceeding ninty-nine years, to take effect in possession and not in reversion, to any person willing to improve or repair the same; provided, that on the grant of such leases, a small rent may be reserved during the six first years, with an increased rent afterwards; but no such lease is to comprise the usual house of residence, its outbuildings or pleasure-grounds. The act contains other regulations, and it declares generally that it is made without prejudice to any right that ecclesiastical persons have under the former law to grant or lease, whether by renewal or otherwise. In the Scotch law, the term building lease is applied to the case of proprietors of entailed estates, who, in order to encourage the building of villages and houses upon property so settled, are to have it in their power to grant leases of land for the purpose of building, for any number of years not exceeding ninety-nine years. See this matter regulated by the 10 Geo. III. c. 51. By the 3 and 4 Vict. c. 48, proprietors of entailed estates in Scotland may feu or lease on long leases ground for the building of churches and schools, and for the dwelling-houses and gardens for the ministers and masters of the same, and also for burying-ground and play-ground attached to such churches and schools. See LEASES and LEASEHOld. BUILDING SOCIETIES. See BENEFIT SOCIE TIES. BUILDING STONE. The chemical composition of B. S. varies. The majority of kinds are more or less silicious, and are designated sandstones. These consist of particles of sand, united together by the force of cohesion, and by a small proportion of a natural cement; in some cases, ferruginous, consisting of a compound of iron; and in other instances, calcareous, composed of carbonate of lime. Igneous rocks furnish very durable B. S., though in general the hardness of the materials renders them so diffi cult to work, that they are seldom resorted to where softer stones can be procured. Thus, granite is largely employed in the construction of the houses in Aberdeen, in the erection of bridges, in the paving of streets, and wherever great durability is required. Greenstone and basalt are also occasionally used. The B. S. employed in the new Houses of Parlia ment is a magnesian limestone, or a double carbonate of lime and magnesia, which is very close and compact in texture, is soft enough to be easily cut with the chisel, but durable enough to resist weathering, and retain the sharp outline of the carving. The other forms of carbonate of lime exhibit considerable durability. In the vicinity of Bath, as also in the Isle of Portland, an oolitic limestone is quarried, which is easily cut, and stands well. A very convenient and accurate way of determining the durability of a B. S.-in other words, its power of resisting the effects of frost and other atmospheric agencies-is to place a small block in a cold saturated solution of sulphate of soda; raise to the boiling-point, so as to expel air from cavities in the stone, which then become filled with the solution; then allow to cool, and suspend the block of B. S. in air. Every now and then, it is dipped into the solution, and subsequently air-dried. The result is, that the sulphate of soda crystallises on the outside, and partially in the interior of the block, and in this respect acts as water does when it is frozen during winter; and if the B. S. be porous, and liable to decay by natural agencies, it gradually breaks up, and particles scale of. The amount of this corrosion can be determined by weighing the detached portions. Some building stones contain iron pyrites in little nodules diffused here and there throughout the mass, and such become discoloured from the pyrites being decomposed by atmospheric influence, and the brownish-red oxide of iron (rust) is left as a stain on the surface of the block. The liability to decay or to discoloration in a B. S. may be arrested to a great extent by coating the outer surface with boiled linseed-oil, which communicates a dark appearance to the stone, but prevents oxygen or moisture from gaining acces to the block. Ordinary oil-paint is employed for the same purpose. For the preservation of B. S. from decay by means of various solutions, see STONE, PRESERVATION OF. BUJALA'NCÉ, a city of Andalusia, Spain, about 20 miles east of Cordova. It is surrounded by a moat and a wall flanked with old towers, has an old Arab castle, and manufactures of woollens, glass, and pottery, exports of agricultural produce, and an important annual cattle-fair. Pop. about 9000. BU'KKUM WOOD. See BRAZIL WOOD and SAPPAN WOOD. BU'KKUR, a fortified island of the Indus, in Sinde, in lat. 27° 39' N., and long. 68° 56′ E. It is 400 yards from Roree on the left bank, and 100 from Sukkur on the right. In the ordinary state of low water, the western and eastern arms of the river are respectively 15 feet and 30 feet deep. In particularly dry seasons, however, the former has been known to disappear altogether, and even the latter is said to have occasionally been fordable. In 1839, a British force, on its march to Afghanistan, made a stepping-stone, as it were, of B. in crossing the Indus, having joined it to either mainland by a bridge of boats. B. is no longer of any military value against a civilised assailant, commanded, as it is, on both sides by higher grounds. It is composed of limestone, being 800 yards long, and 300 broad, and rising 30 feet from the average level of the stream. BUKOWI'NA, formerly the south-eastern division of Galicia, now a distinct crown-land of the Austrian empire, on the Russian frontier, occupies an area of 3981 square miles, with a population in 1857 of pathians, gives rise to many rivers, and abounds 462,242. It is traversed by offsets of the Carin wood, along with considerable mineral riches. Wood-cutting and mining afford occupation for a great number of the inhabitants. Large numbers of the end of the 15th c., belonged to Transylvania, cattle are reared, and also excellent horses. B., till when it came under the dominion of the Turks, by whom it was cede to Austria in 1777. Czernowitz is the chief town. BULACA'N, a town of Luzon, Philippines, at the head of the Bay of Manilla, about twenty miles north-west of the city of that name. B. is chiefly composed of wooden houses, but has spacious streets, manufactures of silken mats and other fabrics, and large sugar-boiling establishments. Pop. between 9000 and 10,000. BULB, in Botany, a subterranean bud covered with imbricated scales, having at their base a flattened disc, which represents the proper stem of the plant, and from which the roots proceed downwards, whilst from the midst of the scales an annual herbaceous stem and leaves are sent up. The scales are regarded as modified leaves, and sometimes are all fleshy, as in the lily; sometimes the outer ones are membranous, as in the onion, in which case the B. is said to be tunicated. The B. is popularly but erroneously regarded as the root or part of the root of the plant, and plants in which it is found are very generally described as bulbous-rooted. buds are formed in the axils of its scales, which grow at the expense of the parent B., and gradually New * BULBUL-BULKHEADS. destroy it. In some plants, as the tiger-lily and BU'LBUL, an Armenian name for the nightingale, which has found its way into English poetry chiefly through the patronage of Lord Byron. But the same name is given in India to a very different bird, Pycnonotus hæmorrhous, belonging to the great tribe of Dentirostres, and formerly ranked among the thrushes, to which it is pretty nearly allied. It is a little bird of brilliant plumage, and the male has a crest or tuft on its head. It is remarkable for its pugnacity; the Singhalese consider it the most game of all birds, and the training of it to fight was one of the duties intrusted by the king of Kandy to the Kooroowa or Bird Headman. When pitted against an antagonist, such is the obstinate courage of this little creature, that it will sink from exhaustion rather than release its hold. Sir J. E. Tennent's Ceylon. BULGARIA, an extensive province of European Turkey, in lat. 42° 8'-45° 20′ N., and long. 22° 15' -29° 35' E. The Danube flows along the whole of its northern boundary; on the E. it has the Black Sea; and on the S. the Balkan range divides it from Rumelia and Macedonia. It has an area of about .38,000 square miles, with a population, in 1844 (the latest return), of 3,000,000. The country slopes terrace-like from south to north, and from the west to the east, acquiring a plain-like character before reaching the Black Sea. The rivers are rapid, and tributary to the Danube. The soil in some parts is very fertile, producing great abundance of corn; in others, it does not yield sufficient for the consump tion. There is excellent pasture-land, and the lower terraces are richly wooded. The exports include horned cattle, sheep, corn, wine, iron, wood, honey, wax; and otto of roses is an important article. The government is in the hands of the Mohammedan Beglerbeg of Rumelia; and for administrative purposes, B. is divided into four sanjaks-viz., Silistria, Widdin, Nissa, and Sophia, with the city of Sophia for a capital. In a military point of view, B. holds a position of great importance, and has been, in consequence, often an arena of warfare, from the time of the Roman and Byzantine to that of the Turko-Russian campaign of 1854. The earliest known inhabitants of B. were the Moesians, who contended long against the Romans, and allied themselves with Gothic and Slavonié tribes against the Greek empire. Anastasius, the Greek emperor, in 507, built an extensive wall to defend his territories from Moesian invaders. In the 7th c., the Bulgarians, a people of Finnish origin, whose original seat was the banks of the Volga, conquered the Moesians, and established the kingdom of Bulgaria; they soon lost their own language and customs, and became assimilated to the other Slavonic inhabitants. After being tributary to the Greek emperors, and contending for some time against Hungary, B. became subject to the Porte in 1392; but the frightful oppression of despotic and sanguinary pashas has not, even to the present day, robbed the inhabitants of a disSince tinctively national life and love of freedom. 866, the Bulgarians have chiefly belonged to the Greek Catholic Church. The BULGARIAN LANGUAGE is divided into two dialects-Old Bulgarian and New Bulgarian; the former, the richest and best of the Slavonic dialects; the latter, very inferior, and chiefly remarkable for its store of popular songs. was, in BULGARIN, THADDEUS, one of the best known Russian authors, was born in Lithuania, 1789; received a military education in St. Petersburg; and, in 1805, served in the campaign against France. Later, however, he forsook the Russian army for the French, and after sundry reverses 1814, appointed by Napoleon to the command of a division of volunteers. After Napoleon's fall, B. went to Warsaw, where he contributed several poetical and humorous works to Polish literature. But, ultimately, he settled in St. Petersburg, and devoting himself to the study of Russ, soon became In 1825, together with his a popular author. friend Gretsch, he began the Northern Bee, and since then he has written several romances-of which Demetrius or Mazeppa are the best-and published different periodicals. B. is humorous and graphic as a writer, judicious as an editor, as a critic, severe, and by no means dispassionate. His large work, Russia in its Historical, Statistical, Geographical, and Literary Aspect, has been with his sanction translated into German, and published at Riga, 1839—1841. BU'LGEWAYS are timbers so placed as to facilitate the launching of a ship; for which, see LAUNCHING. or storerooms BULKHEADS, in a ship, are a ship, are the partitions between the several portions of the interior; whether to separate it into rooms, or as a safeguard In ships of war, the B. or partiin case of wreck. tions between the several cabins are chiefly of wood; and most or many of these are removed when preparing for action, in order In to obtain clear space for working the guns. emigrant ships, the B. between the cabins are frequently mere lattice-work. Water-tight B. are among the improvements in modern ship-building; they are iron walls running athwart the hold, as a means of dividing it into several portions; the interior is thus cut off into cells, each water-tight in reference to its neighbours. neighbours. When such a ship is leaking in any one of the compartments, there is thus a chance that the others may be kept dry until the damage is repaired. Most of the large passenger-steamers are to some extent provided with these bulkheads. The Great Eastern has no less than ten of them, extending nearly up to the level of the upper deck. The presence of these B. greatly lessened the amount of injury occasioned by the explosion on board that BULL-BULLA. ship, on the 9th of September 1859; seeing that the disruption was thereby wholly confined to the compartment in which it occurred. Germany, to study under Spohr. After several audiences in Stockholm. BULL (Lat. bulla, primarily, anything round or swelling) was originally the name of the capsule of the seal appended to letters from emperors or from the pope. Afterwards, the word was applied to the seal, and next to the document itself, as in the case of the celebrated Golden Bull of the Emperor Charles IV., which was so named from the golden capsule appended to imperial letters and other important documents by the Byzantine and Frank emperors as early as the 9th century. They are issued by the apostolic chancellor, and are dated 'from the day of incarnation,' whereas briefs are always dated from the day of the nativity. The name is now applied exclusively to letters or documents issued in the name of the pope. In cases of granting favours, &c., the seal is appended to the open letter by a yellow or red band of silk: but the administration of justice, a gray hempen band is used. All bulls, excepting those addressed to the United Greek Christians, are written in Latin with Gothic letters, and on the rough side of the parchment. See BRIEF. All bear the name and title of the pope-for example, Gregorius Episcopus Servus Servorum Dei, &c., is prefixed; then follows a BULL, GEORGE, D.D., a learned prelate and general introduction, of which the initial words are theological writer, born at Wells, Gloucestershire, used to give a distinct name to the B., as in the England, March 25, 1634; studied at Oxford, whence examples: the B. Exsurge Domine, issued by Pope he retired in 1649, having refused to take the Leo X. against Luther in 1520; the B. In Cana commonwealth oath imposed by the parliament. Domini, the celebrated B. against heretics, often Receiving holy orders, his first charge was the parish re-issued since 1536; the famous Unigenitus, or of St. George's, Bristol. In 1658, he obtained the B. against Quesnel's writings, 1713; the Dominus rectory of Suddington St. Mary's, near that city; ac Redemptor Noster, or B. for the abolition of the and in 1662, was presented to the vicarage of order of Jesuits; the Ecclesia Christi, or the B. Suddington St. Peter's. In 1669, he published his which completed the concordat with France in Harmonia Apostolica, the object of which was to 1801; the De Salute Animarum, or the B. for the reconcile the apostles Paul and James on the regulation of the Catholic Church in Prussia. To subject of justification. This work occasioned conevery B., the leaden seal of the Church is appended, siderable controversy among divines, and in answer, bearing on the obverse the arms of the pope, B. published his Examen Censure, and Apologia and on the reverse his name. Bulls issued dur-pro Harmonia. In 1678, he was presented to a ing the interim between the election and consecra- prebend in Gloucester Cathedral, and made Rector tion of a pope have no armorial bearings on the of Avening, Gloucestershire. In 1679, he was seal. A bullarium is a collection of papal bulls, installed Archdeacon of Llandaff, and received the as the Bullarium Magnum Romanum a Leone degree of D.D. from Oxford University. In 1685, Magno ad Benedictum XIII. (19 vols., Luxembourg, he published his Defensio Fidei Nicence, against the 1727-1758), the B. Romanum (28 vols., Rome, 1737 Arians and Socinians, Tritheists and Sabellians ; --1744), and the B. Benedicti XIV. (Mechlin, 1826— and in 1694, his Judicium Ecclesiæ Catholicæ, for 1827), and more recently, the continuation of the which the thanks of the whole French clergy were Bullarium Romanum Magnum by Barberini (Vienna, sent to him through the celebrated Bossuet. 1835). From the same medieval Latin word bulla last work was his Primitive and Apostolical Trais derived the word bulletin (Italian, bulletino), dition, &c. He was consecrated Bishop of S. Davids commonly applied to dispatches from generals, in 1705, and died February 17, 1709. reports of the health of royal personages, and on the continent, at least, to other brief authenticated documents, such as those of scientific societies, the best known of which are the bulletins of the St. Petersburg and Belgic academies. It is, moreover, used as a title for periodicals, and, in France, also designates the slips of paper on which electors write their votes. His BU'LLA, a genius of Mollusca, which in the older systems, founded upon characters taken from the of species essentially very different. Some of those shell alone, contained a heterogeneous assemblage having been removed to other orders, according to their organisation, the genus Bulla, and the family Bullido, of which it is the type, are placed in the order Tectibranchiata of Cuvier, an order of the class Gasteropoda (q. v.), and of that section of it called BULL, OLE BORNEMANN, a famous violinist, was born 5th February 1810, at Bergen, in Norway, No very authentic account of him is obtainable. His father, it is said, attempted to coerce him into the study of theology, and would not permit a musical | Monacia, having the male and Bulla Aperta. instrument about the house. This foolish treatment female organs of sex combined in the same indivionly gave a more decisive character to the peculiar dual. The Bullid have a convoluted and generally genius of the boy. Having gone to the university then shell, which serves as a covering and protection of Christiana in 1828, he found an opportunity to for the gills, and which in some of them is large play at a concert, where his skill excited such enough to form a retreat for the entire animal, in enthusiasm, that he shortly after was offered the others, is itself enveloped in the mantle. This shell situation of music-director in the city. He accepted forms a sort of transition link between the flat calit, but in the following year went to Cassel, in careous plate enclosed in the mantles of the Aplysia BULLACE-BULLER. or Sea-hares-to which B. is nearly allied-and the spiral shell of snails and other such conchiferous mollusks. The mouth of the shell is large, extending the whole length of the shell, widening towards one end, the lip acute. The gizzard of the Bullide is very muscular; and among its thick coats, in many species, are found calcareous bony plates, which being moved against each other by its muscles, serve to grind down the food. All the species are marine, some are found on the British coast. Some, from their form and fragility, are popularly called BUBBLE SHELLS, as the British Bulla Hydatis. BU'LLACE (Prunus insititia), a shrub or small tree, larger and much less spiny than the sloe, but very closely allied to it, as it is also to the plum, so that many botanists regard them all as one species, an opinion much confirmed by the circumstance that the varieties pass into each other by imperceptible gradations. The B. may be regarded as a form intermediate between the plum and the sloe. Its leaves, however, are generally broader in proportion to their length than those of either of these, and its fruit-stalks more frequently in pairs; it differs also from both of them in its downy fruitstalks, and in having the under side of its leaves permanently downy. The flowers are rather larger than even those of the plum; the fruit is larger than the sloe, generally globose, and, although it partakes in some degree both of the acidity and the roughness of the зloe, it is not unpleasant, especially after having been mellowed by frosts, and makes excellent pies or tarts. 'A bullace-pie is a standing dish at the harvest-home supper in the south of England, only it requires rather more sugar than the housewife is always willing to allow. The B. is common in hedges, coppices, and banks in England, and in many parts of Europe. It is rare in Scotland. BU'LL-BAITING, a barbarous sport, once very popular in England, and in which all classes of society equally delighted, but now, through the progress of civilisation, almost entirely confined to the lowest, and rare even among them. It consists in causing a bull to be attacked by dogs; and in order that the bull might be made as furious as possible, his nose was sometimes blown full of beaten pepper before he was turned loose. Another form of this sport was to fasten the bull to a stake, by a rope of some yards long, and to send bull-dogs against him, one at a time, which were trained to seize him by the nose, and when this was accomplished, it was called pinning the bull. But no small part of the enjoyment of the spectators was derived from the success with which the attacks of the dogs were met by the bull lowering his head to the ground, and receiving them on his horns, often tossing them to a great distance. In some places, B. took place regularly as a sort of annual festival, and funds were sometimes left to provide for it. King James I. of England greatly delighted in this sport. When the late Emperor Nicholas of Russia visited England, before his accession to the empire, he was present at a boxing-match and a B., which were got up to shew him English tastes. An equally barbarous sport, termed Bull-running, was formerly practised at Stamford and Tutbury, where men and women took the place of dogs, maddened the bull with hideous noise, and then pursued it with bull-clubs,' till the unfortunate animal expired beneath the blows of its brutal assailants. BU'LL-DOG, a kind of dog which is regarded as peculiarly English, but concerning which it is doubted whether it has existed as a distinct race, at least from the Roman era, or has more recently than in the mastiff, and the head is very large, ana muscular. The breadth of muzzle is greater almost appearing as of disproportionate size to the body. The forehead sinks between the eyes, and the line of the nose rises again at a considerable angle; the lower jaw projects beyond the upper, often shewing the teeth, which altogether, with the frequent redness about the eyelids, produces a most forbidding aspect; the ears are partially drooping, unless the terrier blood is crossed in the animal, and the tail is carried high. The hair is short, and the tail taper, and not bushy. The present breed is commonly ochry or reddish buff, with the nose and chops alone black; but a brindled breed formerly prevailed, which was often exported to the contihent for strengthening the packs of wolf and boar hounds. The B. is seldom to be seen except in the company of persons who delight in dog-fighting and other barbarous sports. It was formerly much employed in bull-baiting, from which it derives its name. It is chiefly remarkable for its savage ferocity, and the pertinacity with which it retains its hold, as if its jaws were locked, and it could not let It will hang to the jaw or nose of a bull, although lifted from the ground. Colonel Hamilton Smith says he has seen one pinning an American bison, and holding his nose down, till the animal gradually brought forward its hind feet, and, crushing the dog to death, tore his muzzle out of the fangs, most dreadfully mangled.' The B. is also bold enough to attack any animal, however superior ia size and strength. go. The BULL-TERRIER is probably a mere variety of the B., or a cross between the B. and the terrier. It is smaller than the B., more lively, and, if possible, still more ferocious.' The ears are always pointed; the colour is very commonly white, with some black about the head. It is unrivalled in ratcatching. BULLER, CHARLES, born in Calcutta in 1806, was a gentleman whose name falls to be recorded more on account of the hopes which his death in 1848 disappointed, than for the performances of his life. He was educated at Harrow and Cambridge, at both of which he distinguished himself, and for a time studied in Edinburgh, where he had Mr. Thomas Carlyle for one of his tutors. He was called to the English bar in 1830, and entering BULLET-BULL-FIGHT. parliament before the Reform Bill, continued a member of the Lower House till his death. He was still but a rising man when he died. In politics, a philosophical radical, he occupied successively the posts of Judge-advocate-general and President of the Poor-law Commission under Whig governments. The interest taken in his career, and his popu ity, were, it would seem, largely owing to his amiability and accomplishments for society. BULLET is the leaden projectile discharged from a musket, fowling-piece, pistol, or similar weapon. When the smooth-bore muskets alone were used by British infantry, the bullets were made by casting. Molten lead was poured into moulds; and the moulds were dipped in cold water, to hasten the solidification of the lead. The moulds were cooled after every few times of using; and the lead was heated only just to the degree for maintaining fluidity. At present, however, bullets are made more expeditiously, and more truly spherical in form, by a compressing machine, invented by Mr. George Napier. The lead is first fashioned into a rod about a yard long by five or six eighths of an inch thick; this rod is passed between rollers to condense it; then between other rollers to press it into of nearly globular pieces; then a spherical die gives the proper form to each of these pieces; and, lastly, a treadle-worked punch separates them into bullets. With one of these machines, and two dies, nine boys can make 40,000 bullets in a day. a row Spherical bullets for the old muskets, carbines, and pistols varied from 11 to 20 to the pound, and 14 Such bullets are, however, becoming every year less and less used in the army, being superseded by other forms better suited for rifles. These forms are singularly numerous. Robins's B. was eggshaped, with the centre of gravity at the larger end; bullets with steel dies, drops them into boxes, and conveys them away. Each machine, with its four dies, makes 7000 bullets per hour; and four such machines, in an easy day's work, turn out 300,000 bullets. So nearly are the machines automatic, that one man can attend them all. Other machines, attended by children, produce an equal number of little boxwood plugs for filling the cavity at the hinder end of the bullet. To what degree the Minié, Enfield, and other bullets differ, will be briefly noticed in connection with the accounts of the rifles to which they belong. BULLET-TREE, or BULLY-TREE, a tree found in Guiana, and valued for its wood, which is solid, heavy, close-grained, and durable, and also for its fruit, which is a drupe about the size of a cherry, and very delicious. It is supposed to belong to the genus Mimusops (natural order Sapotaceæ, q. v.). BULLETIN. See BULL. Combats of men with bulls, for the entertainment of the public, were common in Greece, particularly in Thessaly, and in Rome under the emperors, though in later times they were forbidden both by emperors and popes. They are still a favourite pastime in Spain and Mexico. In Spain they were abolished by Charles IV.; but Joseph, Napoleon's brother, re-established them, out of policy, the mass of the Spanish population being passionately fond of the sport. The most magnificent bull-fights were at one time instituted by the monarchs themselves; at present, both in the capital and in the larger towns of Spain, they are held either from 0-60 to 0.68 of an inch in diameter. There as private speculations, or for the benefit of public is a particular ratio, depending on institutions. the specific In Madrid, the bull-fighting season gravity of lead, by which the number to the pound commences in April, and lasts until November. Durpounding that time, there is at least one afternoon in will give the diameter, or vice versa. every week devoted to the sport. The proceeds go to the funds of the General Hospital. The fights take place in a kind of circus, called the Plaza de Toros, round which the seats rise one above another, like the steps of a stair, with a tier of boxes over them. The Plaza is capable of containing from 10,000 to 12,000 people, who pay a high price of admission, considering the rate of wages in Spain; and all go attired in their best to the spectacle. The best Andalusian bulls are bred at Utera, the best Castilian ones on the Jarama, near Aranjuez. The latter are the breed usually chosen for fight in Madrid. They are fiercer and more active, but inferior in strength to British animals. The horses engaged in the conflicts are worthless brutes, fit only for the knacker. The men employed in the fight are generally those who have been bred to it as a profession, but occasionally amateurs may take part in it. The B. has been described as a tragedy in three acts. The principal performers in the first are the picadores; in the second, the chulos are the only actors; the third and last act devolves solely on the matador. The picadores are all mounted, dressed like Spanish knights of the olden time, and armed with a lance; they take up their position in the middle of the circus, opposite the bull-stalls. The chulos, who are on foot, are gay with ribbons, and wear very bright-coloured cloaks; they distribute themselves in the space between the barriers. matador, or chief combatant, is also on foot. He is handsomely dressed, and holds in the right hand a naked sword, in the left the muleta, a small stick, with a piece of scarlet-coloured silk attached. On a sign given by the chief magistrate, a bull is let out from the stalls; the picadores stand ready in the arena waiting his charge. With a brave bull, they find all their skill requisite in acting on the defensive; with a cowardly one, they act on the offensive; A Minié and Enfield Bullets. Beaufoy's was ovoid, with a hemispherical cavity at one end; Manton's was a spherical ball put into a wooden cup, with projections on the exterior; Greener's was oval, with a plug of mixed metal driven into a hole barely large enough for it; Nortou's, Delvigne's, Minie's, and others, are, or were, of various elongated shapes, mostly with some kind of plug, which, driven into the lead by the force of the explosion, causes it to fill up the grooves in the rifling of the barrel. This expanding or dilating action has been claimed by many inventors; but the government, in 1857, awarded Mr. Greener £1000, as the person who had practically solved the difficulty as far back as 1836. The bullets for the Enfield rifles are now made with extraordinary speed, by machinery of beautiful construction. The machine draws in a coil of leaden rod, unwinds it, cuts it to the required length, stamps out the The |